Salient on a map of Michigan is the Keweenaw Peninsula, probing like a curved index finger the ever-chill waters of Lake Superior. Rugged and picturesque, this projection of the Upper Peninsula encompasses the famed Copper Country, a mining region as unique as its geographic setting and as rich in history as the wealth of the red metal extracted from its depths. Here occurred in the 1840's, following the Indian cession of the land, the first American mining rush. Hundreds of inexperienced and ill-equipped prospectors poured into the northern reaches of the peninsula to seek its fabled deposits of copper. Although most of these adventurers gained no reward for money and labor expended and for privations endured, a few located deposits that in time were exploited at great profit.

By mid-century, however, rich conglomerate deposits were uncovered nearer the middle of the peninsula, and what had been an isolated and forbidding wilderness soon developed into a productive and prosperous mining community. Deep shafts which were sunk into the hills north of Portage Lake gave their names to the towns that mushroomed nearby. From Canada, from Europe. and from other parts of the United States came hundreds of workmen to find employment above and below ground.

As the tonnage of conglomerate ore increased, the mining companies sought to multiply their profits by erecting stamping mills and smelters on the shores of neighboring inland lakes, whose relatively quiet surfaces were connected by channels to Lake Superior. This expansion of facilities gave rise to additional towns and cities as dependent as the mining towns on copper ore production and the copper market. One of these was the village of Hubbell on Torch Lake, where in the middle l880's the giant Calumet & Hecla Mining Company had erected a smelter.

For fifty years the village of Hubbell flourished as the Calumet & Hecla smelter, together with those of other companies located nearby, poured forth bright molten streams to form plate and ingot copper for a world market. For Hubbell, unfortunately, as for most of the towns in the Copper Country, prosperous times ended with the coming of the Great Depression of the 1930's. Although the market for copper is greater today than ever before, the production of the Keweenaw Peninsula mines has greatly declined. Indeed, the relatively small amount of copper coming from the Hubbell smelters today is obtained, not from conglomerate ore recently mined and milled, but from the reclamation of tailings long ago deposited in Torch Lake.

Donald Chaput, editor of Michigan History magazine, is a son of the Copper Country and a child of the Great Depression. In this volume he writes with warmth and understanding about Hub-bell, his home town, confining his account to the Hubbell that he never knew-the thriving, dynamic village that existed prior to the Great Depression. In its pages, in addition to his account of the founding and industrial development of Hubbell, he discusses competently and entertainingly such basic aspects of village life as education, religion, ethnic relationships, local business activity, the professions, and transportation. The problems confronting the people in this far northern village, we learn, were not too different from those of towns more fortunately situated. The book teems with anecdotal material relating to personalities in many walks of life who have left their mark on Hubbell.

In telling the story of Hubbell, Mr. Chaput adds significantly to our knowledge of the giant industry which gave it birth. For this reason his book will be welcomed by all who wish to know more about Michigan and its colorful past. But none knows better than the author that the story of Hubbell is but a fragment of a larger canvas-the robust and exciting and as yet not adequately told tale of the Copper Country itself. Hopefully other local historians will find inspiration in Mr. Chaput's chronicle of his home town to prepare, before too late, similar accounts of Keweenaw Peninsula towns. Only with these at hand can a truthful and competent history of the Copper Country be brought forth.

 Floyd Russell Dain, Central Michigan University

This is not intended to be a history of the village of Hubbell.  Instead, I have tried to re-create what life was like in the village from its founding in 1885 to the time of the Great Depression. The book, then, is a series of impressions about village life, rather  than a village chronology

I was born in Hubbell in 1933, and consequently I am familiar with village life from the 1930's to this day. Yet, I was always intrigued by stories from friends and relatives of life in the earlier days, when the peaks of prosperity and depths of economic disaster alternated frequently. As much as anything else, then, my aim in preparing this book was to find out what life was like in the eras that preceded mine.

Partly for this reason, I decided to end each chapter at the Depression of the 1930's. Furthermore, the Depression greatly changed the Copper Country. Other mining and smelter firms had by this time replaced the Michigan companies in the front rank. Although there had been earlier economic dislocation, the Great Depression was so severe that it led to many industrial changes and displacement of much of the Copper Country population.

There is another reason for focusing on the earlier eras. At the time of this writing I live in Lansing and have access to the rich materials in the Michigan Historical Commission archives and the fine collection of published works in the Michigan State Library, Lansing. I have also been able to use the nearby major research centers at the Clarke Historical Library at Central Michigan University, and the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit. The use of maps, manuscripts. and obscure published works has enabled me to reconstruct some of the early events and developments in the Torch Lake towns. For the later period-1930 to the present-the story of any Copper Country community could be told by using that excellent local newspaper, the Houghton Daily Mining Gazette.

 For the past few years I have been collecting information on the town and the Copper Country, and at the time of the St. Cecilia Parish Diamond Jubilee in the summer of 1968, Louis G. Koepel encouraged me to write a story of the village. So the writing began, and Mr. Koepel was kind enough to read the chapter on Industry and provide me with further information and illustrations.

My northern liaison agents for this project have been my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Chaput, Sr., of Hubbell. Most of the illustrations in this book have been collected by my father, and he came through with all of my unusual requests. He was also able to provide dates and other information which enabled me then to go to printed and manuscript sources to complete the story. My nephew, Glen Chaput of Hubbell, also played photo-detective for this book. Fortunately, many residents had retained postcards and other views of early Hubbell. The Picture credits at the end of the book list those who loaned some of their valuable photos for copying.

 The approach used in writing this book was based on no other local history that I have seen. There was no handy precedent for what I was trying to write, so the arrangement, style, and picture layout are my responsibility. My wife, Antoinette, helped in the editing of the text and in the selection of illustrations. Without her perspective and aid, I am certain that I would not have written this book.

 Donald Chaput, Lansing

In the 1620's the French explorer Ettienne Brule became the first European to see Lake Superior, though we do not know how far beyond the Sault he journeyed. Jean Nicolet visited many of the Lake Superior tribes in the 1630's, but his route. too, is not definite. The first recorded visit to the Copper Country took place in the 1650's, when the French fur trader Pierre Esprit Radisson passed through the Keweena portage. He entered the region at Portage Entry, went via Portage 1ake, then portaged a few miles to the western side of the peninsula. The Keweena portage was a lake-traveling shortcut, and Radisson wrote that the Indians had obviously used this route for a long time.

 The entire Lake Superior country was soon occupied by fur, mission, and military posts. It is not likely that there were permanent village sites in the Portage Lake and Torch Lake areas, though the L'Anse, Ontonagon, and Keweenaw Point regions were usually occupied by bands of Chippewas and Ottawas. There is no evidence of early occupation of the Torch Lake area, but we can assume that it was frequently visited by the Indians and the French because: 

1. There was good fishing in the lake.
2. The lake and its feeding rivers had many fur-bearing animals.
3. Torch Lake was a point on an important overland route from L'Anse to Keweenaw Point.

 The Chippewa word for the lake was wasswewin, which Father Baraga translated as "Torch Lake." The Chippewas, using torches to see and attract fish, speared them at night. The French name for the lake, Lac du fiambeau, had the same meaning.

 In the early part of the 1800's the American Fur Company had a post at L'Anse, and we have evidence from that time on that the route north included stops at Torch Lake. The Lake Superior copper rush of the 1840's did not affect the Torch Lake area, as early explorations and finds were at the northern part of the Keweenaw Peninsula. These early mining communities had no resident clergymen, so they relied on those at the L'Anse missions: Rev. John Pitezel, a Methodist, and Fr. Frederick Baraga a Catholic.

During the late 1840's Pitezel and Baraga made many trips to Eagle River to provide services for the miners. The usual route was by canoe from L'Anse, through the Portage Entry, then into Torch River, which led into Torch Lake, At the north end of the lake they would then walk overland to Eagle River. In winter the entire trip was often made on snowshoes. Pitezel mentioned that on one return trip he arrived at Torch Lake, and: 

Johannes Kohl, a German intellectual who had come to this country to study the Indians, visited the Torch take area in the late 1850's on his way to and from the L'Anse Chippewa village. Kohl reported that only three people lived near Torch Lake: Beazley, an Englishman: Richard, a French Canadian; and le petit Francois, a half-breed. Kohl stayed at the hut of le petit Francois, near Torch River. The half-breed had "nothing to eat or drink, no beds, no straw, no hay,^" and Kohl slept on a floor "which was neither dry, nor warm, nor even, but hard as stone."

Kohl mildly protested the miserable accommodations, so the half-breed, Richard, and other members of the party spent all evening telling Kohl that things were not bad at all: "You ought to travel here once in winter." They took turns telling stories of how rough a Torch Lake winter can be. Many stories were told of Fr. Baraga and the numerous wind, rain, and snow storms that he bravely faced It is clear from Kohl's account that he did not particularly enjoy his Torch Lake stay.

 Until the decade of the 1860's, then, when Lake Linden was founded, the Torch Lake area was practically unpopulated and was known only to the occasional fur trapper, Indian, or missionary who passed through.

Successful copper mining began in the mid-1840's in Keweenaw County. The copper was mass (huge chunks of native copper), and other than splitting the mass, no additional work was required. For example, at the Cliff Mine in the early years underground operations consisted of three-man teams cutting the mass into small pieces. One man held a chisel, while the other two alternately swung seven-pound hammers. The cut pieces were then raised to the surface in a kibble (bucket) and from there were taken to Eagle River. Here the copper was placed in barrels and shipped to eastern markets.

Later mine developments produced few bodies of mass, but the rich conglomerate of Calumet still made copper production a profitable enterprise. (Conglomerate was rock that was cemented together with pure copper.) In the mid-1800's the Calumet greatly increased mine production, but the company had some trouble with conglomerate processing. Conglomerate had to be milled in order to remove the rock from the copper. The Columbia mine in Houghton County had successfully adapted a Ball steam stamp, so Calumet (now merged with Hecla) installed such units at the Calumet mine in 1867. Meanwhile, for the Hecla mine, a site was chosen on Torch Lake, only a few miles away.

Torch was a large inland lake connected with Lake Superior. Not only was there an inexhaustible supply of water so necessary to a stamping process, but there was much room in the lake for the accumulation of waste or tailings. This waste would later provide millions in profits to the company. Mining experts knew that the waste would someday be valuable, yet if the waste were deposited in the rough waters of Lake Superior, the mighty lake would swallow up the tailings. In the more placid waters of Torch Lake the large banks of tailings would be relatively undisturbed.

Rapid developments at the north end of Torch Lake followed in 1867-1868, giving birth to a major stamping operation and the town of Lake Linden. By late 1867 a railroad was completed from the mine to the stamp mill, and a canal between Torch and Portage Lakes had been dug.

One of the many advantages of the Torch Lake site was that the land was quite level. This was to be a great asset over the years, as Calumet & Hecla expanded its stamping operations and other mining companies also purchased land on Torch Lake. The first major expansion was the building of the Calumet mill at Lake Linden in 1871. Thus, the product of both the Hecla and Calumet mines was now stamped at Lake Linden.

The process that followed stamping was smelting, and by the 1880's, no satisfactory smelter was in use in the Copper Country Smelters were periodically in production at Lac LaBelle, Onto flagon, and at Houghton, but results were only mediocre. Furthermore, the fantastic increase in mining production at the Calumet & Hecla mines demanded a larger operation.

Calumet & Hecla decided to build a smelting operation on Torch Lake, to the south of the stamp mills. This smelter would he the industrial hub of the future town of Hubbell, though other milling ventures also provided employment for hundreds of men.

The firm of Hoar and Shelden of Houghton received the excavation contract for the new smelter, and the work was completed in July of 1886. The name of the firm was the Calumet & Hecla Smelting Company, and was jointly owned by Detroit & Lake Superior Copper Company and Calumet & Hecla Mining Company. Smelting operations commenced on June 1, 1887.

On June 21, 1887, the smelter was lit by electricity for the first time. This was a major occasion in the history of the company and the new town of Grover, and one report stated: 

The smelter became a great technical and financial success, and the adjacent town of Grover grew accordingly. In November 1888, a little more than a year after the smelter opened, fire was started in the fifteenth furnace, an indication of the large copper production there. The ingot and plate copper were shipped out from the Torch Lake docks to southern and eastern markets.

It was in this same period - l888 - that the Dollar Bay Smelting Company went into operation. This firm smelted primarily the product from the mines of Tamarack and Osceola, but they also did custom smelting for other companies that lacked facilities.

Other developments at the south of Torch Lake occurred in the late 1880's which stimulated the growth of Grover and suburbs. As mentioned earlier, Torch Lake was ideally suited for stamping operations; other companies soon followed the lead of Calumet & Hecla by locating on the lake. The Osceola established stamp facilities there, and in July of 1886 work was begun on the Tamarack stamp mill. In September of the same year the foundation was completed, and the head - for crushing the rock - was placed in position. At this same time work was progressing on the new railroad from mine to mill.

One report on the new Tamarack stamp mill called it "the most efficient stamping machinery in the Copper Country." In 1888 the Tamarack also put in a launder from the Hungarian River to the stamp mill. This new source of water meant that the company no longer needed to use a pumping engine.

The Quincy Mining Company, with mines located behind Hancock, decided to take advantage of the Torch Lake lands for a stamping development. Two stamps were started in Mason in 1890; another in 1891, and two more in 1892. In April of 1900 a new stamping mill was built a few hundred feet from the old mill at Mason, and the machinery was installed in the summer of the same year. A narrow gauge railroad from the Quincy mine carried the ore to the mill. Many employees for the expanding Quincy operations lived in South Lake Linden and suburbs.

The period of greatest prosperity in the Copper Country was in the years 1898-1907, and a summary of the status of the Torch Lake operations of 1907 shows how this prosperity had expanded the workings there. The Hubbell smelter was on a thirty-acre site and consisted of four furnace buildings. All of the furnaces had been recently rebuilt. There were also here three mineral houses, an assay office, a laboratory, a cupola, a power plant, a warehouse, and other buildings. The docks had been rebuilt in 1904-1905, and the depth there was twenty-one feet, deep enough to handle the largest lake vessels.

The Tamarack in 1907 had two stamp mills on Torch Lake with a daily capacity of 3,500 tons of rock. The mineral was then sent to Dollar Bay for smelting at the Lake Superior Smelting Company. Osceola, too, had two Torch Lake stamp mills, adjacent to Tamarack property, and they also smelted at Dollar Bay. The Ahmeek Mining Company showed great promise at this time, but they as yet had no stamp mills. Seventy-five per cent of their rock was milled by Osceola, and 25 percent by Tamarack. The Ahmeek finally built stamping facilities on Torch Lake in 1906-1910, under the direction of A. L. Burgan. Burgan had earlier been in charge of building the Isle Royale stamping mill on Portage Lake.

The pattern, then, in Copper Country production was to (a) mine the copper-bearing rock; (b) carry it by rail to stamp mills where crushing operations separated rock and copper: (c) carry the mineral to nearby smelters, the end product of which was either ingot or copper plate; (d) ship the finished product from the docks on ore carriers. There were some variations to this simplified picture, as, for example, when Calumet & Hecla built a large smelter in Buffalo in l89l-1892.

The giant Calumet & Hecla had for years been buying an interest in many adjacent mining companies, but legal restrictions prevented the outright takeover of these companies. This changed in 1905 with the passage of a new state law which authorized mining and smelting companies to be holding companies as well. The first serious fight came when Calumet & Hecla struggled to gain control of the Osceola in l907-l908. Calumet & Hecla soon swallowed up Osceola, LaSalle, and Allouez, and by the 1920's all smelting and milling operations on Torch Lake were owned and operated by the company, with the exception of the Quincy operations at Mason.

One of the world's major experiments in the use of waste materials took place in the north end on Torch Lake when the huge Reclamation Plant was built in 1913-1919. This consisted of a regrinding plant, leaching plant, and flotation plant. Thus, thousands of tons of waste sand were reprocessed at a great profit to the company. C. H. Benedict, the metallurgical mastermind behind the project, estimated that the original stamping process recovered 78 per cent of the copper, and the new reclamation process took so much of the remaining copper from the waste that "almost 95 per cent of the copper has found its way into industry." Later, when the Tamarack reclamation plant was built, the three processes were grouped into one structure, which proved to be a much more economical operation. These two reclamation projects substantially increased the number of company workers, both in Lake Linden and in the Hubbell communities.

During the shipping season - usually from April through November - a steady stream of boats stopped at the Hubbell docks, usually depositing coal and taking on loads of copper. Through 1917 the unloading of boats averaged three days. In late November of that year work was started on the Calumet & Hecla "bridge," a large steel movable hoist that used various-sized buckets. The boom of the bridge would be directly over the boat, then the bucket would be let down into the hatch of the boat by steel cables. This hoist, which shortened the unloading time to one day, was ready for service in February, 1918.

Not many shipments left the Hubbell docks for foreign ports, but after the installation of the Reclamation Plant, foreign ships made periodic calls. For example, in August, 1924, the Norwegian steamer Kamloops arrived with a load of pebbles to be used in the regrinding process.

The copper range did not have a history of violent labor-management relations, but in July of 1913 a strike against the mining companies opened hostilities that would be remembered for decades. Wages and hours were part of the worker complaints, but more importantly, they wished to have union recognition from the companies. James MacNaughton of Calumet & Hecla and other mining officials persuaded the Houghton County Board of Supervisors - company controlled - to bring strike-breakers and gunmen into the Copper Country, and for almost a year violence from one side was countered by reprisals from the other. Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris sent the entire Michigan National Guard to the scene, but violence continued.

The Torch Lake communities were as directly affected by the strike as the mining communities, because without ore from the mines, the mills and smelter could not operate. The winter of 1913-1914 was severe, for the copper industries were idle, and provisions for families were scarce. The strike ended in April of 1914, and "it was a complete victory for the mining companies." The workers did receive an eight-hour day, but the companies refused to discuss minimum wage or union recognition. The ill-will resulting from the strike was to plague the companies in later years.

The 1920's were good years in the Copper Country, with high employment and reasonable wages. The Depression years are outside the scope of this book, but we should at least indicate the tremendous impact of this financial crisis on the Hubbell operations. In 1925 the smelter employed 315 men; in 1932, the work force was 150. The mill employees (including operations at Hubbell and other locations) numbered 698 in 1929; in 1933 the number was 258.

One is tempted to wonder what Torch Lake would have become had the mining companies decided to mill and smelt on the shores of Lake Superior. Perhaps a series of summer cottages would now line the slag pile zone, and maybe the Hubbell docks would be a berth for sail boats and fishing craft. Yet, if any single thought dominates the history written by C. H. Benedict, it is the wisdom and foresight of the mining officials who saw in Torch Lake an ideal site for stamping and smelter operations. 

In the mid-1880's the founding fathers felt that the growing population and industrial promise warranted setting up a town that would be independent of Lake Linden. At this time there were only four houses in the region, and the area was often referred to as Kessler's. Soon thereafter several stores, a post office, and the Cleveland School in French Gulley were built. A plat for the Town of Grover was approved on October 13, 1885, and on November 13, 1886, Martin Dee was appointed the new town's first postmaster. 

The name Grover never solidly caught on with the public, and many contemporary maps, books, and newspaper accounts refer to the location as Groverton. The town was named for President Grover Cleveland, who took office in 1885, the year that the Town of Grover plat was approved.

In recognizing the need for local government at the south end of Torch take, the Houghton County Board of Supervisors in July, 1886, approved the creation of Torch Lake Township; the only population center at this time was around the mills and smelter at Grover. The first township superintendent was Frederick 0. Coggin, superintendent of the Calumet and Hecla stamping mills. Coggin's election was to set the precedent for the next forty years; company officials would run township affairs.

On August 21, 1889, the name of the town was changed from Grover to South Lake Linden, and on that same date Modeste Manseau replaced Martin Dee as postmaster. The reason for the name change is not clear, but national politics were most likely involved. Grover Cleveland had been a Democrat, and in 1839 he was replaced by President Benjamin Harrison, a Republican Local company officials may have taken advantage of their position to get rid of that Democratic name and put in a new postmaster. In some ways South Lake Linden was an appropriate name: Grover had never been popular, and the new name would at least have some local and regional recognition; (b) the town was an outgrowth of Lake Linden, which had been established more than twenty years earlier.

A further attempt to modify the town name occurred in September, 1894, when the federal postal designation was changed to Southlake Linden. Few accepted this change, though, and during the next ten years most people referred to the town as South Lake Linden. The attempted change was probably only the bureaucratic mania of the United States Postal Department, which would like to eliminate all town names of more than one word (Sault Ste. Marie poses a real problem) Other postmasters during this period were John Conway (1894-1898), Edwin Trevilhan (1898-1901), and Joseph Wise (l901-19l2).

The Torch Lake Township election of April, 1900, is another indication that township population was almost completely limited to the mill-smelter area. The elected officials were all from South Lake Linden or her suburbs₅ such as Linwood, Mellonsville, and Tamarack. The results printed here indicate the type of township responsibilities:

Supervisor: Charles Smith

Clerk: Joseph Wise

Treasurer: William Fitzpatrick

Commissioner of Highways: James B. Cooper

School Inspector: Isaac Pillion, Jr.

Overseer of Highways: Amie Lanctot

Justice of the Peace: George Hyde

Member, Board of Review: Henry Opal

Constables: George Kaufman, James Smith, John Fretter

In late 1902 a move was begun to incorporate South Lake Linden and Tamarack City. The state legislature prohibited this move because the two regions did not have the required 640 acres to apply for incorporation. This irritated the residents, because Hancock and Laurium had obtained such status without having the required number of acres. Representative A. W. Kerr of Calumet was able to amend the incorporation laws. In a vote held on May 12, 1903, sixty-four residents favored incorporation; fifty-five opposed it. This community split amazed the Torch Lake civic leaders, who had assumed that the Opposition had been won over. Apparently, though, the residents of Tamarack City and Mellonsville opposed incorporation and were content to voice their opposition through voting, not speech-making. Incorporation was approved on September 8, 1903. At one point it was felt that the same of the new village would be Grover, and in early 1903 one faction favored the name Ingot.

However, township supervisor Charles Smith won the day, and he preferred the name Hubbell. Smith was then serving as a State Senator, and he obviously wished to honor his former

Republican colleague, Jay Hubbell, who until his death in 1900 was the most important politician in northern Michigan. The document authorizing the incorporation and granting its new name was impressively titled: "In the matter of the organization of the village of Hubbell." The first election was held on October 12, 1903, at Our Boys Club Room. The first officers of the new village were:

President: Dr. A. F. Fischer

Trustees: Herman Kabler, Joseph Ethier, Sr., Richard Cuddihy, William Dunstone, F. Gillette, Frank Perrault, Joseph Jenkins

Clerk: James Bree

Treasurer: P. J. Scanlon

Assessor: D. K. MacDonald

We have seen, then, that the village now had a more rigid geographical area and elected officials and that the township officers, though they had control over the entire township, were almost exclusively from Hubbell. This pattern was to remain constant for the next thirty years. In general Hubbell businessmen controlled village affairs, and company officials controlled the township. One might speculate that the company was content to allow Hubbell citizens to take care of village matters, but the more important concerns of water, land, and transportation (usually township affairs) were closely watched by company officials.

Almost six years after Hubbell's incorporation, Thomas Brown of Laurium was contracted to build a village hall and fire headquarters. He finished in early March, 1909, but the village trustees contended that Brown had done a poor job and that the building did not meet specifications. The trustees gave Brown notice that he was to remove the building from village property.

The battle of the village hall continued for a few days, and it seems that contractor Brown was a worthy opponent. To the bewilderment of the village trustees, Brown placed a FOR RENT sign on the building, figuring that if Hubbell wouldn't buy the building, someone might at least rent it for awhile. A compromise was finally reached in late March, 1909, and the move was made to the new quarters, directed by Marshal John Pope.

The new village hall was formally opened on the evening of March 31, after the band led the uniformed firemen in a parade to the building. Village president John Hodges presided. The year 1909 also marked the beginning of the First National Bank of Hubbell. The Marquette Mining Journal reported: "The village of Hubbell is only 5 years old, but it is progressive and is growing rapidly."

Village elections for the next twenty years were not usually dramatic affairs, and there were times when only one slate of candidates was nominated. During these years Patrick Reagan, Patrick Scanlon, Henry Smith, Art Rheaume, Ed Hosang, John Hodges, and A. F. MacDonald were frequently elected. For example, over the years Pat Scanlon was postmaster, village trustee, and an official of the fire department.

The village officials of this era had considerable prestige. State-wide law enforcement and regulations were yet to come. Another reason for the high prestige was the relative isolation of the village. Transportation was difficult and expensive, and only unusual circumstances led to a trip to other Copper Country towns. This was still the period when "Mrs. Smith visited friends in Calumet on Sunday" was good for a few lines in the Daily Mining Gazette. The village officials, then, were symbols of authority to the local residents.

In the late 1920's, Hubbell lost its status as a municipality, and many of the village affairs were taken over by the township. In October 1928 a Gazette article mentioned that Art Rheaume had moved to Duluth after serving as village clerk for many years. Rheaume's services were no longer needed after the change in village status.

 Groverton has all the rats the dogs and cats can take care of. (Marquette Mining Journal, April 21, 1888, p.5.)

This was not a particularly harsh judgement for any Upper Peninsula town at this time, but it does point out one of the challenges facing the village. A look at how the fire department, the local marshal, and the doctors and dentists performed their protective tasks will remind us how difficult was the life of one and two generations ago.

It is not usually polite to be bored by tragedy, but the historian is at first overwhelmed, then begins to yawn, as he reads of the hundreds of fires that destroyed Upper Peninsula towns more than fifty years ago. It is a rare village that hasn't had its business section gutted by fire. The villages were almost all built of wood, and few places before the turn of the century had water systems capable of fighting any fire. And, great irony, these village fires often occurred only a few feet from lakes and rivers. 

A fire in Grover on April 19, 1888, destroyed the saloon of Frank Asurda and the meat market of John Wisener. It appeared that the saloon of August Mayworm would go up in flames also but a last-minute wind shift saved the building. The only avail able water to fight this fire was dipped in pails from a nearby stream. For the next twenty years the water system (or lack of one) and poor alarm system would handicap the town.

Business places were not confined to the town proper: the "suburbs" to the south also had establishments near the stamp mills. An advertisement in early 1897 announced that the new Stroh and Lenz meat store in Tamarack City was ready for business.

Most of the fuel and building materials in town after the 1890's were supplied by the firms of Joseph LeBlanc & Sons and Joseph Ethier. These were not merely men with axes cutting trees; the two firms at various times employed scores of men and went many miles to obtain materials. In August, 1897, Joseph Ethier left with thirty men and four teams to begin work on a log contract in Baraga County.

Many residents still recall the Rheaume store, across from the Lincoln School. The following is a translation from an announcement that appeared in Le Courrier du Michigan (Lake Linden), December, 1916:

Other prominent merchants during the first thirty years were John Hodges, Frenette Bros., Henry Opal, grocers; Patrick Slattery, livery stable; MacDonald Bros., hardware; Nicholas Reding, general store; William Spahn, shoes; Xavier Gillette, jeweler; Meyer Toplon, clothing; Lee Sing, laundry; August Mayworm, saloon; Charles McManiman, blacksmith; Isaac Pillion and Alex Laroux, barbers. Complete listings of merchants appear in the Appendix.

 What went on in these stores, of course, is difficult to reconstruct. A hardware store was not only a hardware store, and the general store" of Nicholas Reding handled a variety of items. Joseph Wise was postmaster in 1911, but Polk's Gazetteer for that year listed these additional enterprises handled by Wise: cigars, confectionery, stationery, and sporting goods.

Investment, planning, and hopes do not always lead to success. Often, too, prospects in other communities appear more promising. The Toplon clothing store, situated adjacent to the Frenette Bros. grocery, was a solid establishment, but in 1921 the family moved to Chicago.

After the turn of the century there were better roads from Hubbell to the other Copper Country towns, and automobiles, trucks, and railroads took more and more traffic away from boats. As a result, the businesses near the lake were in a poor location The LeBlanc Bros, keeping abreast of the times and traffic, purchased land on the main street, across from the bank. Ground was excavated, and a new foundation built. Then, on May 3, 1917, the store was moved from its lakefront location and placed on the new foundation.

Like merchants in most communities, those in Hubbell had a strong sense of community responsibility, and their names appear frequently in this book. They were often village officials, church trustees, and club leaders.

Historian William Gates refers to the years 1905-1918 in Michigan copper mining production as the "period of maturity." During this period production peaks were reached there was full employment, and dividends reached an all-time high. During this fourteen-year period, $146 million in dividends were paid by Copper Country mining companies, with Calumet and Hecla accounting for one-third of this amount.

Much has been written about the scores of Boston financiers who profited from the Michigan copper, but it is well known in Copper Country circles that many a local merchant and laborer also got a slice of these lush dividends. Many miners, grocers, and saloon keepers knew the jargon of the stock market, and the brokers of Calumet, Hancock, and Houghton did a brisk business.

 Some of this prosperity reached the merchant and laboring classes of Hubbell, and many residents felt the need for some type of local financial center-a bank. Local pride also demanded such an institution; an article in the Marquette Mining Journal mentioned that Hubbell was the only incorporated village in the Copper Country without a bank.

In January of 1909 a stock company was formed, a site was purchased at the corners of Guck and Duncan, and bank officers were elected. Henry Opal of Hubbell was president, Joseph Ethier of Hubbell vice-president, D. K. McDonald of Hubbell also vice-president, and Selden Crary of Calumet cashier.

The bank founders planned an impressive structure. It was to be of brick, trimmed with sandstone, two stories high, and was to measure thirty by fifty feet. The estimated cost was ten thousand dollars. For the next half century this building would be the most well-known landmark in town.

An advertisement in a Lake Linden French-Canadian pamphlet published in the summer of 1909 explained the aims and functions of the Hubbell bank:

 "We wish to call to the attention of the French people of Torch Lake the numerous facilities offered by this bank for the security of their funds. Our officers and our board of directors are well known businessmen who give our bank affairs their personal attention. We have a telegraph line, direct and private, to receive continually the market quotations. We can give you first class service on your stock orders. This advertisement also listed the bank's capital and surplus at $50,000."

Over the years the bank pretty much fulfilled its promise of being a financial institution with "numerous facilities." By 1912 the bank resources totaled $215,000, and by 1920 the figure had risen to $841,457. In 1928, the last good year before the Depression, the bank resources were $1,069,914.

A 1917 list shows two new bank officers: A. L. Burgan. vice-president, and Richard E. Odgers, cashier. For the next twenty years, Burgan and Odgers were the leading officers, joined in the late 1920's by Harvey Waters and 0. J. St. Germain, both assistant cashiers. By the 1930's, Roland M. Odgers, too, was serving as cashier.

The members of the board of directors were substantial business and industrial leaders of both Torch Lake communities. The board of 1912 included Henry Opal of Hubbell, a grocer; Joseph LeFranc and Joseph Ethier of Hubbell, lumber dealers; and A. L. Burgan of Tamarack Mills, stamp mill superintendent. The 1928 board included Samuel Eddy of Lake Linden, lumber dealer and realtor, and C.H. Benedict of Hubbell, prominent metallurgist. Others on the board from 1909 to 1930 were Louis Thurmes, Alex Levin, Exavier Gillet, George Orr, M. F. O'Brien, Henry Fisher, and Ralph Hayden. Most of these men were from Hubbell.

The First National Bank of Hubbell never became a leading financial innovator, never seriously challenged the banks in nearby communities, and its fortunes rose and fell with the general economic changes affecting other Copper Country banks. One needs little imagination to understand how the Depression cast financial gloom on the Hubbell bank. The same officers saw the bank through this bleak period -Burgan, Odgers, St. Germain, and Waters. An indication of how drastic the Depression was can be seen from checking the bank resources in 1934: $482,906. This was far indeed from the glow of 1928, when the resources were $1,069,914.

When the new Calumet & Hecla firm decided in the 1860's to locate stamping mills on Torch Lake, available transportation was a major consideration. The lake was connected to Portage Lake by the Torch River; Portage Lake, in turn, was connected with Lake Superior. In 1867 the Torch River was deepened and somewhat straightened, but at great expense to the company. In 1874 major work was done on the canal. About two and one-half miles were straightened and dredged to a depth of twelve feet. Sand, mud, and gravel were removed.

At one time a canal was considered between the south end of Torch Lake connecting with Portage Lake near Dollar Bay. Large amounts of stone there would have made this an expensive project, so the Torch River Canal became the only water connection with Lake Superior.

The "cuts," as the canal was locally known, was owned and operated by Calumet & Hecla, although the canal tolls were set by the Houghton County Board of Supervisors. In 1886 the toll for first class commodities was 50 cents a ton; second class, 30 cents a ton. The brick toll was 20 cents per thousand, and "fat cattle" were 25cents each. There was no fee for passengers.

More dredging was done on the canal in the 1890's. A. F. Isler of Houghton took his sail boat to the canal in 1896 and photographed the dredges of James Pryor which were working in the "cuts." By 1908 the canal was twenty-one feet deep and could accommodate the largest boats on the Great Lakes.

Over the years the canal was the main link with the outside industrial 'world. Railroads, highways, and street cars would reach Torch Lake, but the exporters of copper and importers of coal and industrial materials relied almost completely on the Torch Lake canal. 

The railroads serviced Torch Lake as soon as the various stamping and smelting facilities were begun. The Hecla & Torch Lake Railroad began its six-mile run from the Hecla mine to Lake Linden in October of 1868. An extension to the new smelter at Grover was built in 1887. The Hancock & Calumet Railroad opened a line from Allouez to Torch Lake in 1885. Both lines carried mostly copper ore, though the Hancock & Calumet inaugurated passenger service in l887. This line also had a station at Grover.

In 1890 the Quincy stamping mill was opened at the south end of Torch Lake. The Quincy & Torch Lake Railroad Company had been organized in 1888, and the six miles of narrow gauge track were laid in 1890. The grade from the mine to the mill was downhill, a distinct advantage for carrying heavy copper ore. Nine wooden trestles were built along the six-mile route.

Railroad history can become confusing because of the number of companies in the area, name changes, and amalgamation. Another railroad that served Hubbell was the Copper Range. An extension of this line was built from Houghton to Torch Lake to Calumet in the summer of 1902. The Mineral Range Railroad also served Hubbell, and a new depot opened there on December 31, 1906, which contained a ticket office, waiting room, baggage room, and freight room.

In the summer of 1924 a railroad extension was built from the Ahmeek mine to the Ahmeek mill in Hubbell, Albert LeClerc, Hubbell contractor, built the culverts and other concrete parts of the line. This extension was owned by Calumet & Hecla, which by this time had absorbed most of the Copper Country mining companies.

Although the railroads were daily carrying ore to Torch Lake and taking coal back to Quincy, Calumet, and other communities, other events associated with railroading also took place. Vandalism was often a problem, and usually the culprits were youths. In 1903 a "Gang of Bad Boys" gave the trainmen at the Tamarack-Osceola mills many anxious moments. One of the pranks was to fasten a steel chain across the Copper Range tracks. Serious accidents also occurred. In September of 1901, ten-year-old Louis Poisson of Hubbell was walking across the Hecla & Torch Lake tracks. A train was picking up speed to make the grade to Calumet, and the lad did not see the train as it sped around a curve. He was killed instantly.

Many "special" passenger trains were run to Calumet and Houghton-Hancock for concerts, baseball games, parades, conventions, and other celebrations. For example, in January of 1921 a train from take Linden and Hubbell carried fans to a hockey game in Houghton.

For travel within or between the Torch Lake communities, residents usually walked or "had teams." The earliest transportation notice uncovered was this report from Lake Linden in October of 1888:

  The work of building a sidewalk to Groverton was begun October 23.

George Ethier, Hubbell lumberman, often sent teams of horses across Torch Lake ice during winters. In February of 1903 two of his teams broke through the ice. The teams and sleighs were completely submerged, "and it was with the greatest of difficulty that the horses were rescued." People from the shore saw the incident and raced to the aid of the drivers.

Many residents found it difficult to adjust to the automobile age. In June of 1901 Ed Fountain of Bootjack was driving his team to Hubbell when he was met by "an experimental car." The horses bolted, caught Fountain by a chain, and dragged him for some distance. He was seriously injured.

The problem of street maintenance was acute in winter, when heavy snows usually prohibited all but train and streetcar traffic. For example, the road from Dollar Bay to Hubbell was improved in 1917, yet even in the winter of 1924 it was doubtful that the road could be kept open.

As more residents and visitors purchased automobiles, pressure was exerted to improve the roads. In 1926 Charles Spahn, supervisor of Torch Lake Township, made a census of automobile traffic on the Bootjack Road. On August 3, 689 autos went to Bootjack, and 372 visited White City. These impressive statistics were sufficient to obtain promises of better roads.

By the 1920's some residents were driving autos to California and New York. Leo Frenette and family motored to Detroit in July of 1926, a trip that no longer seemed unusual. Finally, in 1929, a concrete highway was begun between Hubbell and Dollar Bay.

Bus service was available from the Torch Lake towns to other Copper Country locations, but up to 1930 the routes shifted considerably, and several companies folded. The Houghton County Bus Company began service in 1919, but dissolved in 1927. Snow was as great a problem for buses as for automobiles. On January 9,1919, the Portage Lake Transportation Company announced that buses to Hubbell and Lake Linden would not run until spring. By the late 1920's, the county had several rotaries or "snow-gos" in operation for snow removal.

Water transportation was developed for industrial use₁ local freight hauling, and passenger-excursion traffic. The chapter on industry mentions some of these developments, but other activities also deserve notice. In 1901-1902 the Quincy Mining Company built a new coal dock at the Mason stamping mill, The Quincy used 80.000 tons of coal a year and had formerly relied on rail hauling. Shipping by water meant great savings.

The Calumet & Hecla docks were busy almost every summer; ships carried out copper and brought in coal, In June of 1901 the steamer "Flagg" of the Hanna Line left the Hubbell docks with $1,000,000 worth of copper bound for the Buffalo smelter. Another report in 1901 mentioned that:

Not a day passes that there are not coal boats unloading at docks in Portage and Torch Lakes.

In this same era a labor dispute developed at the Calumet & Hecla and Quincy docks, In August of 1901 the steamier '⁴Goshawk," carrying limestone, was tied up at the C & H dock because thirty-three longshoremen refused to unload her. The wages were satisfactory; the men wanted union recognition. Sheriff Wills and deputies were called in, and the boats were unloaded by company employees. Finally, in September the company informally agreed to permit only union men to unload boats. Quincy signed a formal agreement to this effect with the longshoremen in August of 1902, and C & H soon did the same.

Many of the freight vessels that stopped at the Hubbell-Lake Linden docks also carried passengers. The steamer "Jay Gould" arrived from the lower lakes in May of 1901 and delivered freight and passengers to Hubbell and Houghton. In November of 1901 the narrow gauge of the Hancock & Calumet Railroad was changed to standard gauge. To assist in the transition, the steamer "Thomas Framp" carried passengers, freight, and mail between Houghton-Hancock and the Torch Lake towns.

The firm of McRae & Rowe of Dollar Bay had two excursion boats at this time, "Thomas Framp" and "Gertrude." They were advertised as the "only local steamers available for chartering." This was probably mere boasting, because in July of 1901 the Congregational church chartered the "Thomas Friant" for an excursion which stopped at Point Mills, Dollar Bay, Hancock, and Houghton.

By 1903 Alex Deford of Traverse Bay had a regular excursion ice by gasoline launch between Torch Lake and Traverse. He advertised facilities for fishing, camping, and hiking. In the period 1910-1915, many Torch Lake residents began to favor the Dreamland-White City-Jacobsville region as a cottage-resort site. Launches plied the waters regularly between these locations and Torch Lake. The Portage Lake Canal at this time was a prominent recreation site, and many excursion boats were chartered by Torch Lake residents. One of these boats was the "Sailor Boy," a ninety-foot vessel that sank in July of 1919 near Hancock.

The most significant passenger development in the Copper Country began in 1900 with the building of the streetcar line by the Houghton County Street Railway Company. Early in the year the survey had been completed and most of the franchises obtained. The line was to begin in Houghton, cross the bridge to Hancock, swing north to Calumet and Laurium, and eventually extend down to Lake Linden and Hubbell.

The streetcars were ordered in May of 1900 from Laconia, New Hampshire. They were to be thirty feet long, with four fifty horsepower motors per car. The car barns and power houses were to be built in Hancock. The Houghton-Hancock link was opened in late October of 1900 with great ceremony. Throughout 1901 work continued between Hancock and Calumet. Most of the laborers were Italians from Chicago. By late June the line was opened to Laurium.

Both Laurium and Lake Linden had disputes with the streetcar company. The villages wanted the company to pay the bulk of the snow removal costs. After much negotiation an agreement was reached with Laurium, and the extension to Lake Linden was opened in December of 1902. A car was to run every fifteen minutes during the day. The extension ended at the outskirts of town, however, because of the snow removal dispute. Only in June of 1903 did Lake Linden finally allow the company to enter the village limits. The Torch Lake Township Board agreed to permit the line to pass through Hubbell, but the village council also had a snow removal argument with the company. Construction to Hubbell began in August of 1903.

In the following spring, work was completed to the village limits, but the argument was not settled. Hubbell insisted on receiving $700 a year for snow removal, but the company compromised by paying about half this amount. Service to Hubbell₁ then, began in the summer of 1904. Streetcar rates were set at 5 cents from Hubbell to Lake Linden, 5 cents through the village of Lake Linden, and an additional 5 cents to Laurium.

The office of the Commission of Railroads inspected the line in 1907 and reported:

In September of 1908 a new company was organized, the Houghton County Traction Company, which absorbed all the assets of the former company. The traction company was mostly Boston financed, with Frederic Bawden of Houghton serving as vice-president.

The growth of the new company was impressive. In 1910 the firm employed 137 men, carried 6,448,615 passengers, received $319,198 in fares, and had a total of twenty-two injuries (one death). A few years later - 1914 - the firm employed 162 men, and the other company operations increased accordingly.

Streetcar service was a boon to the working man, as it gave him a rapid, inexpensive means of transportation. The success of the line meant that the competing railroads had to adjust their rates. Laborers could flow move quickly from home to mill, mine, and smelter, but Calumet and Hecla at several periods impeded the progress of the line. On the Hancock-Calumet line, and later on the Calumet-Lake Linden extension, C & H at first refused to grant right-of-way. The company stated that they had no particular dislike for streetcars, but they could not see "that a streetcar line would directly benefit C & H."

Certain adjustments in streetcar service were made over the years. In February of 1917 the morning schedule was changed for the convenience of teachers; the cars would leave Hubbell at 7:35 am., instead of 7:45. In the winter of 1920-1921 Hubbell patrons complained vigorously because they were forced to go to Lake Linden to purchase tickets. This protest forced the company to change its policy.

Streetcar service was usually not very good in the summers, especially in the 1920's, because of increased auto ownership and improved roads. The streetcar ceased to be a vital means of transportation, and in 1933 the Houghton County Traction Corny was dissolved.

 7

Social activities, fraternal organizations, and school life were often closely tied to the church. This was even more apparent in communities with large ethnic populations. In a strange land, the church acted as a familiar institution that eased the assimilation process. These influences were also at work in Hubbell.

The first large groups to settle in Grover were French Canadians, Germans, and Irish, and most of these people were Roman Catholic. In the early years the local residents attended mass in the French and German churches of Lake Linden. Soon, however, the long Sunday walk proved irksome, and Hubbell Catholics began to consider a church of their own. A congregation was formed on August 24, 1893, with the Rev. Fr. Joseph A. Sauriol as the first pastor. The first services were held in the skating rink.

A site was selected in the heart of town and purchased from Dr. Simonson for $1,400. Bishop Vertin laid the cornerstone on September 24. 1893, and the first mass in the church was celebrated on November 1. Fr. Raphael Cavicchi served as pastor from 1894 until November, 1899, and during his tenure the rectory was completed. Fr. James Miller served for a month, then exchanged parishes with Fr. Hubert Zimmerman of Dollar Bay. Fr. Zimmerman remained at the parish until his death in 1936.

One of the first causes that interested Fr. Zimmerman was the need for a parish school. In early 1903 he wrote to the School Sisters of St, Francis, Milwaukee. asking them to operate a school. In September of that year Mother M. Gertrude and seven other nuns were in Hubbell for the opening of the first classes in the new school. The school was dedicated by Bishop Eis on July 19, 1903. The St. Joseph Church band and Catholic societies from both Torch Lake towns were on hand for the ceremonies. The initial enrollment was 350, and all eight grades opened in the first year. During the prosperous years of the Copper Country-1905 to 1912-twelve nuns were on the staff, including two music teachers. For the next thirty years the nuns at St. Cecilia School provided the only piano and violin lessons in the community; instruction was available to those of all faiths.

Unlike the neighboring town of Lake Linden, the Hubbell Catholics never split into French and German factions. This was solely due to the efforts of Fr. Zimmerman, who spoke fluent French as well as his native German. He frequently gave three sermons each Sunday: in German, French, and English. According to Fr. Monville: "There was never talk of a French or a German parish in Hubbell."

This large parish, with its prominent school and active religious organizations, made a strong impression on many of the youngsters. Over the years scores of young men and women entered religious life, many of them because of the dedication and example of Sr. Rosella, who taught in Hubbell for nearly twenty-five years. In 1904 Theodore Bateski and Paul Pillion, who had been raised in the parish, were ordained as priests. By the late 1940's, over forty parish girls had entered religious life.

School enrollment fluctuated over the years, depending on the economic situation. At one time there were so many students that part of the school hall was used as a classroom. By the end of the 1920's, enrollment had somewhat decreased. The size of the graduating class of 1928 was fifteen. In the same year the "All A" honor roll was posted. The awards for the second grade went to James Monville, Genevieve Fountaine, Constance Connors, Florence Hanner, Bernard Clouthier, and Octave Dutemple.

The Ancient Order of Hibernians and the St. Jean-Baptiste Society were French and Irish organizations with close ties to the Catholic church, but the most active group was the Men 5 Catholic Order of Foresters. In 1917, for example, fifty new members were initiated at one time. The officers of this organization in 1924 were Clarence Davey, Edward Holme, Henry Smith, and John Kahler.

The Congregationalists had the first church in town. The group was organized in 1892 with twenty-six members. The building was completed in late summer of 1893 at a cost of $1,400. In the spring of 1894 a bell was purchased, and in 1898 the church was enlarged. During the time the church celebrated its tenth anniversary in 1903, it had 126 members. Most of these people ere Cousin Jacks or "Yankees" from southern Michigan or New England. Many of the town merchants, professional men, and smelter and mill officials were members.

Several women's groups over the years were so active that weekly events were commonplace. Parties, concerts, lectures, and parades were frequently held by these Congregational groups. A few examples will show how varied were these activities. In December of 1896 the Helping Hands Society entertained "all who may attend" at a New England dinner at Opal's Hall. Admission-including supper-was 25 cents. In December of 1916 a potluck social was held at the church. The band entertained, and there were musical numbers by Ruth Cameron, Eleanor Odgers, and Mrs. Bessie Smith. In April of 1912 the church sponsored a lecture on prohibition.

The Hubbell church rarely had a resident pastor; they usually shared pastors with the Congregational church of Lake Linden. Some of the pastors were A. J. McClements (late 1890's), G. D. Yokum (1906-1907), Frederick Bagnall (1917), and Horace Hastings (1920's). The Congregational church also had an active Sunday school. In 1928 D. K. MacDonald resigned as Sunday school superintendent after thirty-nine years of service.

Ground was broken for the St. Johns Lutheran Church in June of 1893. The building was 26' x 40' and had an attached wing. The building was completed in autumn, and a Christmas program was held in the new church in December of 1893. Most of the members of the congregation were German, and they had a strong interest in Sunday school and regular school programs for the children. For some time a school was operated in the basement of the church. In 1917 the enrollment was thirty-one and the teachers were Rev. Mueller arid Miss Anna Reesman.

The year 1917 was a prosperous one for the small Lutheran congregation, and the members contributed $650 to charity. The church officers elected in January were Chris Greg, Herman Wiedenhofer, and John Messner. In December of 1917 Rev, Mueller resigned, after having served the parish for four years. He was replaced by Rev. Juneau, who had been pastor at Bergland.

The Lutherans also had active social organizations. The Ladies Aid Society met frequently and performed many charitable works. Officers in 1928 were Mrs. Matilda Mellon, Mrs. Lillie Dunstan, Mrs. Christina Bickle, and Mrs. Lena Deault. The St. John's parish also had annual mission festivals, which were supported by the Ladies Aid Society.

Public education got its start in Grover almost as soon as the town was founded. Front the beginning, Grover was a part of the Lake Linden school system, and later the name Lake Linden-Hubbell would be applied to the district. In August of 1886 the school board bought five jots for a school site in Grover, and construction of the building began at once. This was the Cleveland School, located in French Gutley. By 1887 the building was too small, and a room adjoining the post office was rented for classroom space. A diphtheria epidemic in January, 1888, led to closing of school, a circumstance which would be repeated often in coming years.

Township school inspectors made periodic visits and submitted annual reports to the state superintendent of public instruction. The inspector in 1890 was Thomas Roberts; in 1899, Robert Davidson. To meet the need for more space, the Lincoln School was built in 1901, not far from the smelter. Teaching lists and grades for 1909 were:

Lincoln School

Cleveland School

In 1917 the Cleveland School enrollment was eighty-four; the Lincoln School, ninety-three. High school students attended the school in Lake Linden, high graduated its first class in 1885 eight girls. Two years after the first boy was graduated - Samuel Eddy. The small size of the graduating classes suggests that few youngsters in the Torch Lake towns had more than a grade school education.

After the turn of the century, the old high school could not handle the increased enrollment. In 1915 residents approved a new $100,000 high school by a vote of 139-10. There was some talk of locating the new school in Hubbell, but the board decided to build on the site of the old school, which was moved back one block. The new two-story brick building, completed in 1918, measured 110 x 178 feet and had impressive facilities, including a large gymnasium and a spacious study hall.

Some of the school district superintendents over the years were C.G. White (1884-1907), H. D. Lee (1909-1915), and L.L. Holliday (1917-1923). Harry J. Trainor became superintendent in 1927 and served until 1954.

This survey of the schools is enough to indicate the general educational patterns, but other opportunities were available to some Hubbell youngsters. Certain students went on to college, and many students from St. Cecilia's entered the seminary or convent. Some Catholic students from Hubbell attended St. Ann's Academy in Lake Linden, which was part of the parish of St. Joseph. Some students left town to attend professional and trade schools. In 1924 Joe Radichock went to Milwaukee to attend the Marine School of Engineering. Joe eventually became a chief engineer on several Great Lakes boats.

 In the nineteenth century the lumbering and mining frontiers witnessed a heavy influx of foreign workers, whereas the agricultural frontier was usually led by Yankees from the Atlantic Coast states. Prom the beginning of the copper boom, foreigners made up the bulk of the work force. In the early years (1845-1860), Cornish miners predominated, and after other groups had come to the copper ranges, Cornishmen formed the largest group of foremen and superintendents. The French Canadians came in large numbers at the same time, but they never took heartily to mining. Instead, they often worked with surface crews and many of them supplied lumber to the new mines and towns. Heavy Slavic and Italian immigration came in the later part of the century, and the heaviest Finnish influx was between 1885 and 1910.

Often it seemed that there was scarcely a Yankee on the mining frontier. In 1897, for example, the number of foreigners who were married in Houghton County was 536 (217 were Finns). In Hillsdale County, a typical white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant area in lower Michigan, only 11 foreigners were married in the same year.

The settlements at Lake Linden and Hubbell were primarily French Canadian. There were two reasons for this. First, Joseph Gregoire in 1867 began his large lumbering enterprises at the 'head of the lake," and over the years he encouraged hundreds of French Canadians to settle in the region. Second, mill and smelter work proved attractive to French Canadians, much more so than did work in the mines Later, when stamping and smelter operations were begun in Hubbell, the largest ethnic group was the French Canadians, with fairly large groups of Germans and Irish.

The Ancient Order of Hibernians and the St. Jean-Baptiste Society were Irish and French groups that had strong links with the Catholic church. After the turn of the century, St. Patrick's Day was always an occasion for the Hibernians to have a parade. The 1917 parade committee consisted of J. D. Driscoll, Joseph Chevallier, W. F. Kaufman, Patrick Reagan, and John Slattery. One wonders what a Chevallier was doing on the Irish committee.

An excellent example of the ethnic pattern of Hubbell appeared in Fr Monville's article, in which he listed the nationalities of the first one hundred baptisms at St. Cecilia's, the largest parish in town: fifty-seven were French, twenty-three German, twelve Irish, seven Italian, and one Polish.

By and large the immigrants who came to the Copper Country did not plan to return to their native lands. The group that had the greatest opportunity to do so were the French Canadians₁ yet they adjusted well to the region, and few even thought of returning to Quebec. The French Canadians in Hubbell affiliated with either French groups in the county. They were proud of their language, culture, and religion, but they felt that opportunity was greater here than back in Quebec.

In April of 1909 the Houghton County French-Canadian Naturalization Club met in Hubbell and formed a new branch. Fifty members joined, an indication of the large French population, and a further indication of their desire to become United States citizens.

The county organization met in Hubbell again in May, 1917, and elected officers: President, Emil Prince_, Lake Linden; Vice-President, J. H. LeBlanc, Hubbell; Secretary, Pierre-Eudore Mayrand, Lake Linden; George Valliere of Hubbell was past-president. For years Valliere was active in naturalization work and he and Leon Daoust of Hubbell held offices in many French fraternal societies in the county.

Lake Linden was one of the most important French settlements in the Midwest, and French newspapers there were among the best in the United States. Le Franc-Pionnier was established there in 1875, and from 1889 to 1891 Telesphore St. Pierre edited L'Union Franco-Americaine. Pierre-Eudore Mayrand worked for the Union. and later, in 1912, established Le Courrier dri Michigan in Lake Linden. Many Hubbell residents subscribed to this paper, and throughout this book are quotations and illustrations which show how Le Courrier covered Hubbell news. Marriages, births, and deaths were usually noted in the paper, such as:

Miss Clementine Gagnon of Lake Linden and Mr. J.B. Perreault of Hubbell were married at St. Joseph's Church last week by Fr. Magloire Morin. French Canadians in Hubbell were active in business life also; residents named Ethier, LeBlane, Grammas, Laroux, Frenette, and LeMire operated establishments for years.

Church membership is another good indicator of ethnic background. St. Cecilia's was predominantly French Canadian and German, the Lutheran church mostly German, and the Congregational church members were usually "Yankee." Some Hubbell residents, especially Cornishmen, attended services at the Methodist Church in Lake Linden.

In these early years_, war was a romantic concept with connotations of parades, uniforms_, medals, bands, and patriotic speeches. The boys who came back from the grimy trenches of World War I, though, would help to provide a more realistic picture of the horrors of war.

Because Hubbell was founded in the 1880's, the town had no tradition concerning the Civil War. Some Hubbell residents had served in the war, though, and this fact was good for an occasional notice in the newspaper or was a handy reference for a Fourth of July speech. In articles about State Senator Charles Smith of Linwood_, there was frequent note of his Civil War service. Yet, he served only three months and cannot be considered a hero by any interpretation.

In the 1920's "Uncle Joe" Francis of Hubbell was the object of much publicity as the town's last surviving Civil War veteran. He had served with a Wisconsin unit. He celebrated his eighty-fifth birthday on March 5, 1928, in the Lake Superior General Hospital of Lake Linden. A cake with eighty-five red, white, and blue candles was presented to him by a group of Hubbell ladies.

When the Spanish-American War erupted in 1898, patriotic fever hit the Copper Country, and Companies F and D were formed in Houghton and Calumet. Hubbell formed a training company, and in June there was talk that some of the men would into service with Calumet's Company D. In July the following men from Hubbell enlisted with the Calumet unit: Graham, Wittie, Charles Decharley, Charles Duncan, John Clans, Robert McClements, and John Hurley. They left for active duty the following week.

In early June_, morning and evening memorial services were held in the Congregational church. Patriotic sermons and songs were featured. Yet, before the community could get completely excited about the war, it was over. Some members of Company D were killed in action or died of disease in Cuba, but no instance was uncovered about any casualties among the Hubbell members.

When the Great War began in Europe in 1914, the Copper Country felt little impact. There were some fund drives by local German aid societies, and some former residents of the Austro-Hungarian Empire returned to join military units. As the war went on, Allied propaganda gradually turned the American public against Germany and her friends. When the United States declared war on the Central Powers in April of 1917, the American public was strongly anti-German.

Even before the declaration of war there was a feeling of the inevitable in Hubbell. A parade and patriotic program entitled "America First" was held on March 27, with Dr. Arthur F. Fischer as chairman. Once war was declared, a Hubbell Home Guard was organized for local defense. Captain George Millar headed the company, and Walter King was lieutenant. The Fourth of July that year was an ideal time to stress patriotism, and Hubbell called its festivities "Democracy Day." Parades from Hubbell and Lake Linden ended at Caledonia Park, where speeches were given. Three thousand were in attendance.

Practically all organizational efforts in Hubbell were keyed to the war effort. Every week several religious or fraternal groups sponsored some type of fund drive or presented patriotic programs. The Red Cross help given was especially notable in the Copper Country. Each township, village and mining company had its Red Cross coordinators, and fund quotas were rarely missed. In November of 1917 the Women's Catholic Order of Foresters sponsored a card and dancing party at Opal's Hall as a Red Cross benefit.Scores of similar benefits were held.

It is difficult to get accurate figures on the number of Hubbell men who were in the military, but probably more than one hundred served, A December, 1917, article mentioned that forty-four smelter employees were in the service; most of these were probably from Hubbell. The local youths did not silently steal away and go to war. In September of 1917 a "Rousing Farewell to Hubbell Conscripts" was held. The Eagles were in uniform_, the band played, farewell speeches were made, and the day was ended with a torchlight parade.

Some Hubbell youths went to unusual lengths to join the service. Brockway Guilbeault, a smelter employee, tried three times to enlist before he was accepted. Delore "Chub" Chaput, the well-known Copper Country athlete, was playing baseball in the Canadian League when the war broke out, but he immediately left for the states and enlisted. Harvey Learmont spent a frustrating five years in the armed forces, always trying to get overseas, but without luck. After four years in the American Navy, he joined the Canadian Engineers out on the Canadian Pacific Coast, because he heard they were destined for overseas. Just as Abe unit was about to sail for Europe, the Armistice was signed. 

Some women, too, served overseas_. Florence Ostenzi went to France with the Red Cross. Sophie Johnson, who had worked in the Osceola mill, also served with the Red Cross in Europe In a hospital in Luxembourg she was talking about "home" with one of the soldiers. The soldier turned out to be Karl Messner, who before the war had been the supply clerk at the Osceola mill.

Charles A. Keskey of Hubbell served with the 32nd Division, the famous Red Arrow Division. He was promoted to first lieutenant after serving twenty-one consecutive days in the trenches. Chub Chaput served with a hospital unit in France₁ but his baseball talents relieved him of front-line duty. He and Johnny Evers, the famous major leaguer, went on a tour of France, teaching the natives the great American game."

The heroes returned, and a series of enthusiastic homecomings were held in Lake Linden and Hubbell. For the first two months of 1919, almost daily the Gazette reported the progress of Chub Chaput: he was to depart from France; smallpox held up departure; storm at sea delayed the ship; further delays at New York. Finally he arrived back in the Copper Country, where his former hockey and baseball associates gave him a banquet.

World War I must have had a tremendous impact on the Hubbell community. Many of the veterans, who probably had not previously been out of the Copper Country, had "seen Paree.^" The homefront activities had been totally geared to the war effort, and even the curriculum in the schools had been altered to emphasize patriotism. And, after the war, various service and fraternal organizations were formed to perpetuate the memories of the Great War.

Leisure activity is probably the topic most recalled by the older generations. After all, once one describes a stamping mill or smelter, there is not much more to say on the topic. But the frequent picnics, parades, contests, card parties, and excursions give old-timers a lot of conversational ammunition. Naturally, they tend to forget that the "wonderful picnic at Dreamland" may have meant a three-hour round trip, accompanied by mosquitoes and bad roads.

Yet, in an era when the newspaper was the one solid rink with the rest of the world, people in communities large and small found pleasure and a feeling of participation in the many activities in their local areas. Mass production of automobiles, improved public transportation, and later developments in radio and television would alter the role of the individual in local affairs, but in the period that concerns us, local people were very active in local events.

Much nostalgia surrounds the annual celebrations of the Fourth of July and Hubbell showed as much spirit-and noise-as any Copper Country town. A poster announcing the events for the Fourth in 1899 was dramatic and boastful:

In 1906 the feature of the Fourth was a military spectacle provided by the Houghton Light Infantry. The group arrived the day before, set up camp, and on the Fourth, Hubbellites watched the camp routine. Highlight of the day was a sham battle between the Blues and the Browns. The Fourth in 1924 featured a tug of war between Tamarack-Mellonsville and Hubbell, followed by the traditional penny scramble, races, and so forth, and capped off with a dance at Opal's Hall.

The plans for the Fourth celebration of 1928 provide some insight into the close relationship among the communities and between the communities arid the companies. The planning committee, named early in June, consisted of: Tom O'Rourke, P. Scanlon, G. St. Germain, of Hubbell; Mark Roberts, Quincy; William Hanner, Tamarack; Rudolf Vollmer, Ahmeek; P. Beilman, Jr., and William Guibord, Calumet & Hecla smelter.

Many fraternal organizations blossomed and died over the years, but the most active group was the Hubbell Acne of Eagles. The Hubbell Acne soon became one of the leading fraternal societies in the county. As early as 1912 they entertained the county Eagles, which meant a day of parades, speeches, and other ceremonies. In 1916, when the Eagle's hall was formally dedicated, the Hubbell group was so aggressive that they won first place in a nationwide membership contest.

Not all such groups were successful. In 1912 the Hubbell Nest of the Order of Owls served notice of dissolution. The Nest had been organized in 1911 with 129 members, but they "lost interest almost from the start."

Youth, too, was organized, and Our Boys Club was one of the more interesting Copper Country groups. It was intended to "promote the moral and social welfare of the Hubbell youths" by providing a place where they could spend their evenings. The organization sponsored card parties, skating, dances, and so forth. Club officers in 1912 were Frank Hanner, Jr., John Cashell, William Mehring, Peter Beilman, and John Slattery.

Interest in the theater was high in the Torch Lake communities. Lake Linden had an opera house and a theater. The Hubbell Majestic Theater was operated for years by Henry Opal. The Majestic was expanded in 1917, and Opal reported that four hundred new chairs had been ordered. The Majestic offered live and film programs. In February of 1924, a film version was shown of "Success," a well-known Broadway play, and in April of that year "Blood and Sand," starring Rudolf Valentino, was shown. Local talent was also developed, and in 1912 the Lake Linden and Hubbell Dramatic Club was organized with James Cuddihy as president.

The saloon was more than a place to buy alcohol; it was a social center, meeting place, and daily "stop-over^" on the way home from mill and smelter. In 1899 there were 198 saloons in Houghton County, 13 of these in Lake Linden, and 5 in South Lake Linden. This was truly no region for a prohibitionist.

A local saloon problem, which one newspaper called "THE CASE OF HUBBELL," erupted in 1912. A new state law limited the number of saloons to one per five hundred population or fraction thereof. Hence, with a population of 1,059 Hubbell was en-titled to three saloons. The village council, in spite of this law, granted five licenses. The county prosecuting attorney threatened court action, so the Hubbell council rescinded two of the five licenses.

Parades were frequent occurrences in Copper Country towns, and religious, fraternal, civic, and working groups enjoyed participating. The Fourth of July was a big parade day, but other patriotic celebrations, religious festivals, and club initiations were also reason enough to have a parade. In May of 1888, the Linwood Cornet Band headed the St. Joseph Church parade in Lake Linden. One reporter sympathetically commented; "The band boys are making considerable improvement in their playing."

The Women's Union of the Congregational church sponsored a "great social gathering" in July, 1897. Over 160 bicycles, decorated with flags, paraded. The Hubbell fire department, under command of Captain George Millar, was the featured group in the Lake Linden Carnival Parade of August, 1906. Five to ten parades a year were not at all uncommon in this era.

Picnics were always popular during Copper Country summers, and after the turn of the century camping joined picnics as a favorite pastime. Electric and Freda parks were especially popular. Before World War I the White City area was an important resort region. The "Annie R. Hennes" was one of the boats that frequently took campers from the Torch Lake towns to White City.

Leisure time was spent in diverse activities: Charles Spahn managed the Thurmes Alleys in 1924 and "just returned with new bowling equipment from Chicago"; in August of 1924, Mort O'Rourke, Ray Gertz, Wallace Dubuque, Weldon Gagnon, and Sid McDonald went on a seventy-four mile Boy Scout hike to Keweenaw; the Daughters of the Veterans were organized in May of 1924 at the home of Mrs. Mable Hanner; on January 7, 1928, the Hubbell ice rink - 160' x 75' - opened the season under the direction of Charles Spahn, no admission charged; in May of 1928 the Daughters of the Veterans of the Civil War presented a three-act comedy, "Clubbing a Husband."

Winter was mostly a time of card parties, dances, skating, theater, and club meetings. Several Christmas and New Years programs were held by various groups each season. For instance, on December 31, 1918, the Hubbell Social Club spon6'ored a New Years Eve dance at Opal's Hall. Music was provided by the Ideal Orchestra of Calumet, and dancing was from 8:00 until 12:00. Other examples of entertainment appear elsewhere in this book, as it is impossible to discuss business, ethnic groups, and churches without mentioning leisure.

The community was founded in the mid-1880's, and from that time to the turn of the century, sports did not figure prominently in the lives of the residents. Working days were long - and many - and transportation to surrounding villages was still difficult. After 1900 the situation improved. The "boom years" had come to the Copper Country: wages were high, and the street cars and railroads stopped regularly at the Torch Lake towns.

One of the earliest, most popular sports was bowling. This was usually a fall and winter activity, but in the early years people also bowled in summers. In a match held in Hubbell in June of 1902, the Harrington Stars were defeated by Bushel's High Rollers of Lake Linden. On the Stars team were George Frenette, Dollie Cuddihy, James Prisk, Cear Lafave, and George Hartman.

Hubbell also had a "city league." In a match at the Harrington alleys in January of 1917, the "Tigers" beat the "Red Sox." Tregonning, C. Thurmes, J. Thurmes, Dr. Rowe, and E. Forget were the "Tigers." The "Red Sox" team consisted of Brown, Norum, Gareau, Marcotte_, and Hanner.

The ladies, too, had bowling teams and played teams in Calumet and Lake Linden. In the early 1920's one of the Hubbell teams was named "The Accidents," and consisted of Mrs. M. Hodges, Mrs. C, Drouin, Mrs. J. B. Hodges, Mrs. L. Chardois, and Mrs. L. Gauthier.

In the winter of 1926 Tom O'Rourke, well-known Copper Country sportsman. leased the Hubbell alleys and made some Improvements. These were the only alleys in Torch Lake, because Kettenbeil's alleys in Lake Linden had been "permitted to go by the boards."

By the 1890's, baseball had come to Grover. In May of 1894 the Grover team, accompanied by a brass band, went to Ontonagon on the tug "Valerie." Grover was smashed in this game - so much so that the newspaper did not report the score, only reporting that "the team has been quiet since coming back from the Ontonagon game."

Baseball gained in popularity after 1900 and continued to be of interest to players and fans for years. Hubbell was one of the powers in the Copper Country League in 1909. Other teams were Laurium, Calumet, and Wolverine. In one interesting game during this era, Hubbell played Franklin, but the game was a "slaughter," Hubbell won 22-2. One reporter wrote colorfully of this contest:

The battery for Hubbell in this lopsided contest was Smith and LaChance.

In 1912 Hubbell was supposed to have a weak team, but in a game with Hancock in May the fans were "pleasantly disappointed." Hancock won the game, but the Hubbell pitchers were Impressive. Moulton pitched six good inning; Glassner was a strong southpaw; and Brisson showed a good curve ball. Hubbell was then asked to join a new Copper Country League, and Pat Scanlon became league treasurer.

Delore "Chub" Chaput learned his baseball on the Hubbell diamond and played for championship teams in Lake Linden, Hecla, and Mohawk. Even as a teenager he was considered one of the outstanding pitchers in the region. From 1911 to 1917 he pitched for London and Berlin in the Canadian League and in 1911 had a 25-3 record. During this same period he played briefly with Birmingham, Alabama, in the Southern Association, and with the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League. During World War T, Chaput toured France as a baseball instructor, After the war he settled in Minnesota, where he starred as a pitcher and coached teams in Hibbing and Chisholm. Copper Country newspapers closely followed the career of the Hubbell hurler.

Hubbell could not always support a baseball team, and in the 1920's Hubbell and Lake Linden jointly sponsored a Torch Lake team. The first game of the 1921 season was against Ontonagon on May 8. The roster included:

Frank Hanner was the club treasurer. On hand for the opening game were the mayors of Hubbell and Lake Linden. Torch take won the game, 6 to 10. Later in May the Portage Lake team beat Torch Lake, 6 to 3. Charlie McLaughlin was at first base for this game, as Longpre, the regular first baseman, had joined a Canadian team.

Charlie McLaughlin became one of the best first-sackers in the Copper Country. The Torch Lake team folded in the mid-1920's, so in 1926 Charlie played for the Lake Linden Giants.

Interest in baseball was shared by the youngsters, and Hubbell usually had an entry in the county juvenile league, for players between twelve and fifteen years old. The captain of the Hubbell Terrors in 1921 was Earl Kimball, a pitcher. Some of the other players were Linus Frenette, Lawrence Lanctot, M. Monticello, and Bert Marchand.

Hockey never became "big time" in Hubbell, although the local rinks did turn out some fine players. In November of 1904, a Hubbell group planned an entry in a Copper Country amateur league; J. Marcotte was to be the manager. However, lack of community support and not enough good players caused the Hubbell team to withdraw before the season began. Chub Chaput learned his hockey at the local rink and went on to star for the Mohawk and Portage Lakes hockey teams. He was referred to by Upper Peninsula papers as "the spectacular rover." The Marquette Daily Mining Journal in 1915 said of him: "Chaput helps to make a good game in every game he plays."

The individuals whose sketches follow have been selected to indicate the background and occupations of some of the people who settled at the south end of Torch Lake. In this occupational diversity we have a politician, a physician, a priest, several industrial leaders, a merchant, two laborers, and a prominent sports figure.

Smith was not only Hubbell's most famous politician, but around the turn of the century he was one of the most important political figures in Michigan.

He was born in Livonia Township, Wayne County, on December 24, 1839. He remained on the family farm until 1857, then attended the union school at Ypsilanti. Early in the Civil War he spent three months on active service with Company H of the First Michigan Infantry Regiment. He moved to the Copper Country in 1863.

Smith was clerk of the Pewabic store in 1865 and in 1866 was clerk at the Pewabic Mine. After a brief period as clerk at Calumet & Hecla, he worked for two years in Minnesota on a railroad construction project. In 1871 he became a clerk in Hancock for the Copper Smelting Works. When the Calumet & Hecla smelter in Hubbell opened in 1886, Smith became chief clerk, a position he was to keep until his death. He made his home in the Linwood section of Hubbell. For over forty years Smith used his influential industrial position as a power base for his politics.

Elected supervisor for Torch Lake Township, Smith served in this capacity from 1889 until his death, giving him longer tenure as township supervisor than any other in the state. Smith was a life-long Republican and entered state politics in 1895, when he was elected to the Michigan House of Representatives from the First District. After re-election to a second term, Smith was elected to the Michigan Senate in 1899 and served until 1910, representing the counties of Houghton, Keweenaw, Baraga, and Ontonagon.

Senator Smith enjoyed a fine reputation in the legislature. Re was known as the "dean of the legislature," and the younger members often referred to him as "Uncle Charlie." In the legislature Smith was primarily concerned with mining interests and in advancing the cause of the new Michigan College of Mines in Houghton. He held the highest positions in state government; in 1906 he was chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations and Finance, and in 1907 he served as chairman of the state Republican convention at Grand Rapids. Smith also had wide business Connections, and he served as vice-president of the First National Bank of Lake Linden and was a director of the Northern Michigan Building and Loan Association of Hancock. Smith married Fannie I. Hague in 1867.

He died in Hubbell on October 23, 1915, and was buried several days later in Forest Hill Cemetery, Houghton. Smith was one of the most prominent Masons in the state, and several masonic contingents attended his elaborate funeral.

It is a rare community the size of Hubbell that can boast of a local politician with such widespread influence. Smith, even while concerned with the complicated affairs of Michigan finance, found time to fulfill conscientiously his duties as supervisor of Torch Lake Township.

Largely through the efforts of State Senator Charles Smith, the name of the village of South Lake Linden was changed to Hubbell at the time of incorporation in 1903. Smith had served for years in the state legislature with his Republican colleague Hubbell, for whom he had great respect.

Hubbell was born in Oakland County on September 15, 1829. He was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1853, and two years later he was admitted to the bar. He moved immediately to the Copper Country, landing in Ontonagon "with but $3 in capital. He practiced law there, and in 1858 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Ontonagon County. He was also appointed district attorney for the Upper Peninsula. In 1860 he moved to Houghton.

He was prosecuting attorney for Houghton County from 1861 through 1866. Hubbell served in Congress from 1875 through 1883 and was prominent in national Republican politics. He served on the powerful Ways and Means Committee and for a large part of his tenure was chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee. He earned the nicknarne "two per cent Jay" in the presidential Campaign of 1880, when he assessed all department clerks for campaign funds.

From 1885 to 1858 Hubbell served in the state senate representing the Copper Country counties. He truly represented this region and sponsored much legislation favorable to mining interests, Known as the "father of the Michigan College of Mines" he was able to secure large appropriations for the new school. Hubbell also served as judge of the area's Twelfth Judicial District until his retirement in 1900.

As attorney, congressman, and judge, Jay Hubbell made many useful friends, and he had business interests in scores of mining, lumbering) and real estate firms. From the 1870's until 1900 Hubbell was the most prominent politician in the Upper Peninsula and one of the most widely known Republicans in the state. He and Mrs. Hubbell (Florence Doolittle) were active in social and church affairs in Houghton. For thirty years probably no other person in the Upper Peninsula was so well known as Jay Hubbell. He died on October 13, 1900.

Of all the clergymen who served the Hubbell churches from the 1890's to 1930, Fr. Zimmermann stands out because his tenure was the longest and because he had the greatest impact on the community. He was born in Dusseldorf, Germany, in December of 1869. He studied theology at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, came to the United States in 1892, and was ordained a priest at Marquette on June 24, 1893.

Fr. Zimmerman first served as an assistant at the cathedral in Marquette and later was pastor in Iron River. After one month in 1899 as pastor at Dollar Bay, he exchanged parishes with Fr. Miller of St. Cecilia's, Hubbell. He was to remain in Hubbell until his death.

One of the sons of the parish, Fr. Lawrence Monville. S.J., knew Fr. Zimmermann as his priest and later as his colleague. Fortunately, we have Fr. Monville's reminiscences of these years. Fr. Zimmermann had wished to serve in the "wilderness of America," and the mill and smelter town of Hubbell was to prove wild enough. In a town where twelve-year-olds were laborers; where liquor flowed freely; where rough language and fights were frequent, Fr. Zimermann "had the temerity to suggest the idea of the Holy Name Society." All obstacles were soon overcome, and the priest soon saw the Holy Name Society growing in membership: it became one of the strongest men's groups in the county.

Although most communities in the Copper Country had ethnic parishes, Fr. Zimmermann's linguistic and diplomatic talents made this development unnecessary in Hubbell. There were two large groups in town-French and German-and Fr. Zimmermann spoke both languages fluently.

He served as chaplain to the various fraternal organizations and ladies societies of the parish. It was Fr. Zimmermann who created the St. Cecilia grade school and carried it through a series of depressions. Fr. Monville records that Fr. Zimmermann's estate consisted of only a $100 insurance policy.

Fr. Zimmermann returned to Germany In 1910 to visit his relatives. The parish had purchased a round-trip ticket for him, and his return was celebrated with a parade and a speech by Fr. Antoine Rezek, Fr Zimmermann was so overcome with emotion that he could not reply. His reputation extended beyond the Torch Lake towns, and one biography refers to him as "one of the ablest as well as best beloved priests of the Roman Catholic Church in the Northern Peninsula." He died on March 15, 1936.

Fischer was born on June 22, 1867, in Chicago, to the Rev. Ferdinand and Lina Fischer. His parents had come from Germany and later settled in Minnesota. Arthur Fischer graduated from the medical school of the University of Michigan and in 1888 moved to the Copper Country, where he became chief surgeon for the newly completed stamp mill at Mason on Torch Lake, operated by the Quincy Mining Company. A few years later he moved to Hubbell, where in addition to his Quincy affiliation he had a private practice and operated a pharmacy. On July 19, 1896, he married Mayme Slonaker of Lake Linden.

He became active in local affairs and for some years was medical officer for Osceola and Torch Lake Townships. He was also a member of the Hubbell Eagles, the German Aid Society of Lake Linden, and other fraternal organizations. Fischer was an outgoing, well-liked intellectual, and he possessed an outstanding library and stamp collection. These were destroyed in the Hubbell fire of 1907, but he began at once to rebuild his collections.

Fischer became one of the most well-known doctors in Michigan. His many years' connection with the Quincy Mining Company enabled him to initiate many programs that were copied throughout the state. He served as president of the Michigan State Medical Association. Fischer lectured throughout the Midwest on tuberculosis, and he served as president of the Michigan Anti-Tuberculosis Society. Fischer's reminiscences, published in Michigan History Magazine in 1923, are valuable to Copper Country history. He died at his home in Quincy on May 17, 1935.

Fischer came from a talented family. One brother was a physician in Minnesota, and two sisters were professors at St. Paul's College, St. Paul, Minnesota. Dr. Fischer's obituary does not seem to be an exaggeration: ''Universally liked both in and out of his profession."

Abraham Lincoln Burgan was one of the few Copper Country natives who rose from rather humble beginnings to become a prominent industrial figure. He was born on July 13, 1872, to Thomas and Elizabeth Burgan of Lake Linden. Thomas Burgan had come from Cornwall in 1855; in later years he was superintendent of the Calumet & Hecla blacksmithing department.

Burgan was graduated from flake Linden High School in l890, received a science degree from the University of Michigan in 1895, and a Master of Science degree from the same school in 1896. From October, 1896, to May, 1900, Burgan was assistant superintendent at the Osceola and Tamarack stamping mills. After a year as superintendent at the Isle Royale stamping mill, he returned to the Osceola and Tamarack as superintendent.

He remained as superintendent until his retirement in the 1940's. During this long period he established a sound reputation as designer, engineer, and plant manager. When the Ahmeek stamping mill was built in 1900-1910, Burgan had responsibility for all aspects of construction.

Burgan was active in civic and business affairs in the Torch Lake communities. He served on the Osceola Township School Board from 1905 to 1q38. It has been noted earlier that in Torch Lake Township, mining officials always held the office of super-visor. This pattern was repeated in Osceola Township, with Burgan as supervisor from 1911 to 1941.

Almost from the founding of the First National Bank of Hubbell, Burgan was an officer and member of the board of directors. For some time in the early 1930's he was bank president.

Burgan died at his home in Tamarack Mills on October 25, 1950.

Born in Quebec in 1849 to Hilary and Antoinette LeBlanc, Joseph attended school until his thirteenth year and then hoped on the family farm until he was twenty-two years old. He emigrated to Lake Linden in 1873 and found employment in the sawmill of Joseph Gregoire. LeBlanc soon was in charge of the mill, and in 1898 he formed a partnersbip with Joseph Ethier of Hubbell. The firm name was Joseph Ethier & Company, "dealers in all kinds of lumber." In 1905 he purchased Ethier's interest, and the firm became Joseph H. LeBlanc & Sons. The sons were Joseph P. and David E., who were also to become prominent Torch Lake businessmen.

Joseph H. LeBlanc was one of the founders of the First National Bank of Hubbell, and he served on the board of directors until his death. He had married Adelin Thebault in Canada in 1871, and the two boys and a daughter, Maline, were born to this marriage. Mrs. LeBlanc died in 1893, and in 1897 Joseph married Emma Hebard of Hubbell.

He died in Hubbell on January 1,1919, a victim of the influenza epidemic of that winter. LeBlanc was known as a sound businessman, and most of his descendents have also entered the business world. His grandsons today have several establishments in the Copper Country.

Delore was probably the most well-known Copper Country athlete during the years 1908-1921. He was born in Houghton in 1887 to Mr. and Mrs. Adelore ("Ed") Chaput, but the family soon moved to the new smelter town on Torch Lake. Here Chub learned to love baseball and hockey and played on several Lake Linden and Hubbell teams before he was twenty. He was a star pitcher for the Mohawk championship team before 1910. He was signed by the Lansing team in 1910, and in 1911 he moved to the Canadian League. He played for Berlin (later named Kitchener), and in 1911 had an impressive 25-3 record. Chub was known for his "round-house curve" and excellent fielding, and the Canadian press referred to him as "Chaput the Invincible" and "the terror from the copper fields."

In 1912 he was signed by Birmingham, Alabama, in the Southern Association and had a fine year. He then played part of the 1913 season with the Philadelphia Phillies. A shoulder injury in 1914 caused him to sit out the season, but in 1916-1917 he was back in the Canadian League, leading Berlin to the pennant.

During World War I, Chaput served with a hospital unit in France, and he led his team to the Armed Forces championship in 1918, when he chalked up a 17-1 record. His pitching finesse, plus his ability to speak French, led to his appointment as one of two men in France selected to teach the Frenchmen how to play baseball; the other was Johnny Evers, the famous major leaguer.

Chaput was also an outstanding hockey player and played on championship teams in Mohawk, Calumet, and Portage Lake. These were the days when Cooper Country hockey was inferior to none. Chaput played rover and was usually his team's high scorer. In one game Portage Lake defeated Calumet 4 to 1, and the news article was typical of tile praise Chub received:

"The spectacular rover," as he was usually called, was a fast skater and had his share of penalties. Chaput was a crowd favorite in rinks in Ontario, Michigan, and Minnesota. At a game in Duluth in 1916, the local reporter seemed to run out of adjectives: "Rover Chaput roved with great effect and beautiful execution, netting three of the visitors' goals and all times playing a great game.

For over ten years, then, Chaput was able to combine the summer sport of baseball with winter hockey. He married Myrtle Dorthea Mitchell of Hibbing, Minnesota, in 1921, and settled down on the Iron Range. The family lived in Chisholm and until his death in 1941, Delore Chaput was the city athletic director.

From the time of his first sports prominence in 1908, until his death, Chaput's career was reported in detail in the Copper Country press. and the residents of Hubbell often boasted about the local boy who made the big time.

Born in Ireland in 1861, Mr. Teefey came to the United States in 1885 and settled for a short time in Hancock. In the late 1880's he moved to Torch Lake, where he was employed at the Calumet & Hecla smelter.

Smelter work was hot, dirty, and dangerous, and in the late nineteenth century the men worked twelve-hour days. By the time of World War I, Mr. Teefey was in charge of furnace #21. Thirty years seniority had only limited advantages, though, for in the recession of 1920-1921 he was moved to the night crew.

Unable to adjust to the change, Mr. Teefey resigned and moved to Detroit, where for ten years he was employed by General Motors Corporation. In 1932 he returned to his Hubbell home.

Before the turn of the century Mr. Teefey was a member of the local band, and he was a member of the Holy Name Society of St. Cecilia's Church. His wife was the former Bridget Ryan of Hancock. At the time of his death on December 29, 1947, a son, James, was living at home, Emmet in Kansas City, and Patrick and Robert in Detroit. He had two daughters, Mrs. Aileen McCarthy of Detroit and Mrs. Geraldine Herbert of Chicago.

On du Temple's death certificate, his occupation is listed as "smelter man." This he was par excellence he had been awarded a silver medal from Calumet & Hecla for forty years service.

Born in Montreal on April 1, 1860, to Mr. and Mrs, Joseph Temple, Octave settled at tile south end of Torch take in the late 1870's. He was one of the first residents of the settlement later known as Tamarack City. During most of his four decades at Calumet & Hecla, he was an employee at the smelter, which was about one mile north of his Tamarack home.

After his retirement, he was in ill health for over six years, and he died at his home in Tamarack on October 13, 1926, He was survived by his widow and sons Octave and Ovid of Hubbell, and George of Ribbing, Minnesota; and daughters Mrs, Louis Gatien of Houghton, Mrs, Arthur Lanctot of Hubbell, and Clara of Hubbell.

Octave du Temple typifies the majority of the residents at the south end of Torch Lake: he was a Roman Catholic, French-Canadian, smelter employee.

In the following summaries from Polk's Michigan State Gazetteer and Business Directory, we can see population changes, industrial growth, and types of businesses.

A newly established post office in Torch Lake township, Houghton county_, 9 miles from Houghton court house. Martin Dee, postmaster. Allbrook August, wagonmaker. Banaker Edward, saloon. Dee Martin, Postmaster. Leary John, saloon. Mellon Wm, constable. Orr Gore W, physician. Smith Henry, hotel.

Population, 1,500. Formerly known as South Lake Linden, is on Torch Lake and on the Mineral Range R. R., the Copper Range

R. R., and the Houghton County Electric Ry., in Torch Lake township, Houghton county, 1 mile from Lake Linden, and 8 from Houghton, the judicial seat. Has Catholic, Congregational and Lutheran churches and a bank. The Calumet & Hecla Smelting Works, the Osceola Mining Co's. stamp mill, the Quincy Mining Co's. stamp mill, the Tamarack Mining Co's. stamp mill, the Ameek Mining Co's. mill, planing mill, etc., are here. Telephone and telegraph facilities. Exp., Western. Patrick J. Scanlon, postmaster.

Ameek Mining Co, A L Burgan supt

ARMSTRONG-THIELMAN LUMBER CO, Mfrs and Dealers in Lumber, Lath, Shingles, Etc

Calumet & Hecla Smelting Works, H D Conant supt

Ethier Joseph, coal and wood

First National Bank of Hubbell (capital $25,000), Henry Opal pres, R E Odgers cashier

Fischer Arthur F, drugs and phys

Frenette Bras, meats and grocers

Gillette Benjamin C, jeweler

Grammas George, confectioner

Herbert Edward II. grocer

Hodges John H, meats and grocer

Krueger Alfred A, confectioner

Krug Christine, milliner

LeBlanc Joseph H & Sons (Joseph H, Joseph B and David E.), lumber

Lake Linden Supply Co, I P Fillion agt, coal

Lee Sing, laundry

McDonald Eros (McDonald K and Angus F), hardware

Marcotte A J, drayage

Odgers B E, cash First Natl Bank of Hubbell

Opal Henry, grocer

Osceola Mining Co's Stamp Mills, A L Burgan supt

Quincy Mining Co's Stamp Mills, James W Shields supt

Reding Nicholas. general store

Rowe, Charles, physician

Scanlon P J, insurance and postmaster

Slattery Patrick, livery

Smith Frank O, confectioner

Spahn Wm, shoes

Sullivan Joseph S, insurance and real est

Tamarack Mining Co's Stamp Mills, A L Burgan supt

Tennant David R, confectioner

Tofte P M, dentist

Toplon Meyer, clothing

Wise Joseph, hardware

Population, 2,040. Settled in 1885, formerly known as South Lake Linden, on Torch Lake and on the Mineral Range R. R., the Copper Range R. I, and the Houghton County Electric Ry, in Torch take township, Houghton county, 1 mile tram Lake Linden, and 8 from Houghton churches and a bank. The Calumet & Hecla Smelting Works, the stamp mills of the Osceola Mining Co., Quincy Mining Co., Tamarack Mining Co. and the Ameek Mining Co. are located here. Telephone, telegraph and express. Frank Leonard, postmaster.

Ameek Mining Co, Gus Mayworm mgr

Armstrong-Tlielman Lumber Co, Aug Mayworm mgr

Beauchamp Louise, beauty shop

Calumet & Hecla Smelting Works, Harry D Conant supt

Clouthier Geo P, township cik

Decker John Jr, piano tuner

DeLangis Arth J, genl mdse

Domonthier Felix, hdw

Ewen Nicholas, pto

FIRST NATIONAL BANK (Capital $50,000, Surplus and Undivided Profits $86,000). A Lincoln Burgan Pres, Richard E Odgers V-Pres-Cash, C G StGermain and Harvey Waters Asst Cashiers

FRENETTE BROS (Daniel and Leo C), Groceries and Meats, Food Supplies for Tourists and Campers, Let Us Fill Your Larder, Tel 246-W

Hainault Albert J, barber

Harrington Dani, village treas

Hebert Ceo F, drugs

Hesse Martin, filling sts

Hesse Rosa, gro

Hodges John B, meats and gro

HUBBELL MOTOR CO (Casper J and Eli J Michaud), Dodge, Chrysler and Plymouth Cars, Automobile Accessories, Oils, Automobile Repairing, including Brake and Battery Service, Tel 181

LaMire Arth, gro

Laroux Alex, barber and soft drinks

LeBlanc Bros (Jos P and David E), gros and meats

Lenz John, plmbr

LEONARD FRANK, News and Periodicals and Postmaster

Lewis Jos Jr, gro and meats

Majestic Theatre, P J Scanlon prop

McDonald Bros (Angus F McDonald), hdw

Odgers Riclid E v-pres-cash First Nat) Bank

Osceola Mining Co^'s Stamp Mills A Lincoln Burgan supt

Perreault Henry, gro

Quincy Mining Co's Stamp Mills

Reding Adelaide Mrs, genl mdse

Remiltard Chester Mr, soft drinks

Rheautne Eug Jr, gro

Riteway Stores Inc, Cecilia B Fulton mgr gros

Scanlon Patk J ins and real est

Slattery's Livery, Jos Slattery pres Agnes SLattery sec-treas garage and coal

Spahn Wm, shoes

Stern & Field, Geo H Goudge rngr do and dry gds

Wise Jos, hdw

Zimmermann Hubert Rev (Roman Catholic)

These references are listed as an aid for the type of materials that can be of use in writing local history. Some are peripheral, others very narrow, and a few contain the hard core so essential for interpreting the local scene. Of all the sources used for this book, newspapers provided the bulk of the information.

The best Upper Peninsula newspaper over the years has been the Marquette Daily Mining Journal. From the early l880's, this paper covered Copper Country news, and after 1890 a separate section of the paper was devoted to Copper Country doings. Local historians from other Upper Peninsula communities will find much of interest in this paper; every section of the UP received good coverage.

In the Copper Country, the Portage Lake Mining Gazette gave good coverage to Torch Lake in the 1880's and 1890's, especially in the area of industrial development. However, social, religious, and educational notices were rare. Its successor, the Houghton Daily Mining Gazette, began publication in 1899 and gave thorough coverage to Torch Lake happenings. No Copper Country history should be written without consulting this paper. In 1952 the Gazette began a weekly "Green Sheet" feature page, which contains many historical articles. Only two copies of Le Courrier du Michigan (Lake Linden) were located for these years. These were loaned by Paul B. Mayrand of Dearborn, whose father founded the paper in 1912. Yet, the news notes, advertisements, and other information in these two issues provided interesting material from the predominately French communities of take Linden and Hubbell.

Births, Marriages, Deaths in Michigan, 1897. Lansing: Secretary of State, 1907.

Michigan. Local Acts (1901,1903.)

Michigan. Annual Report of the Commissioner of the Ranking Departinent of the State of Michigan. (1912,1920, 1928, 1934.)

Michigan. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads. (1887, 1893, 1907, 1909, 1910, 1914.)

Adams, Arthur T, (ed.) The Explorations of Pierre Espit Radisson. Minneapolis; Ross & Names, Inc., 1961.

Baraga, Frederick. A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language.. Cincinnati: Joseph A. Hemann, 1853.

Benedict, C. Harry. Red Metal: The Calumet and Hecla Story. Ann Arbor; University of Michigan Press, 1952.

Biographical Sketches of Leading Citizens of Houghton, Baraga, and Marquette Counties. Chicago: Biographical Publishing Company, 1903.

Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume I: To 1700. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1906.

Gates, William B., Jr. Michigan Copper and Boston Do/fans. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951.

Kohl, J. C. Kitchi-Gami: Wanderings Round Lake Superior. Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, Inc., 1956. (First published in Germany in 1859.)

Memorial Record of the Northern Peninsula. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1895.

Michigan Biographies. 2 vols. Lansing: Michigan Historical Commission, 1924.

Michigan State Gazetteer and Business Directory. Detroit: R. L. Polk & Co., 1887-88, 1911, 1917, 1931-32.

Rezek, Antoine I. History of the Diocese of Sault Ste. Marie and Marquette. 2 vols. Houghton: n. n., 1907.

St. Cecilia Parish Diamond Jubilee. Hubbell: St. Cecilia Parish, 1968.

Sawyer, Alvah L. A History of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. 3 vols. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1911.

Souvenir in Photogravure of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Calumet: W.E. Steckbauer, 1900.

Souvenir of the Copper Country: Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Calumet: B. F. Tyler, 1903.

Stevens, Horace. (comp.) The Copper Handbook. Vol. VIII. Houghton: the author, 1908.

Thwaites, Reuben Gold. (ed.) The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. 73 vols. Cleveland: Burrows Bros., 1896-1901.

Who's Who in Michigan. Munising: n. n., 1936.

"Capital Punishment in Michigan, 1683; Duluth at Michilimackinac. Michigan History, L (December, 1966), 349-60.

Chaput, Donald. "Some Repatriement Dilemmas," Canadian Historical Review, XLIX (December, 1968), 400-12.

Clarke, Robert D. "Notes from the Copper Region," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, XXXV (April, 1853), 577-88.

Cooper, James B. "Historical Sketch of Smelting and Refining of Lake Copper," Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute, VII (1901), 44-49.

Dever, Harry. "The Nicolet Myth," Michigan History, L (December, 1966), 318-22.

Fischer, A. F. "Medical Reminiscences," Michigan History Magazine. VII (January-April, 1923), 27-33.

Lambert, Bernard. "Mission Priorities: Indians, or Miners?" Michigan History, LI (Winter, 1967), 322-34.

Sullivan, William A. "Copper Miners Revolt," Michigan History, XLIII (September, 1959), 294-314.

Annual Reports, Township School Districts, Michigan Historical Commission Archives, Lansing. 1890, 1899,

Houghton County Bus Company. Incorporation and dissolution papers, copies in Michigan Historical Commission Archives.

Houghton County Traction Company. Incorporation and dissolution papers, copies in Michigan Historical Commission Archives.

John Pitezel Papers. Clarke Historical Library. Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant. (Missionary reports.)

Records of the Auditor General. Michigan Historical Commission Archives. (Plat of the Town of Grover.)

Records of Appointments of Postmasters: Michigan, 1832-1929. Microfilm, National Archives, copy in Michigan Historical Commission Archives.

Records Relating to the Copper Strike (1913-1914). Records of the Executive Office. Michigan Historical Commission Archives.

Daily Mining Gazette (Houghton). 1899-1968.

Daily Mining Journal (Marquette). Prior to 1901 known as Marquette Mining Journal. 1884-1918.

Detroit Free Press. 1900.

Le Courrier du Michigan (Lake Linden). 1916. 1919. Available only on microfilm from Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant.

Our Sunday Visitor (Marquette Diocese). 1953. (Parish histories.)

Portage Lake Mining Gazette (Houghton). 1884-1898.

Delore Chaput Scrapbook. Courtesy of his children Pat (Mrs. A. Rukavina) of Santa Cruz, California, and Richard of Sacramento, California.

Interview with Paul 13. Mayrand, Dearborn, August. 1968.

Map of Michigan, 1892. By Ceorge B. CaIdwell & Co. Copy in Michigan State Library, Lansing.

Personal letter from Louis C. Koepel, Quincy Mining Company, September 30,1968.

Proposed Channel Improvements at Torch Lake, Houghton Co., Approved by Board of Control, January 28, 1874 (map). Michigan Historical Commission Archives, Lansing.

Railroads of Michigan, 1883-1884, Map to Accompany Report of Commissioner of Railroads. Copy in Michigan Historical Commission Archives.

Untitled St-Jean-Baptiste Society pamphlet, Lake Linden, 1909. Published by P. Eudore Mayrand; courtesy of Paul B. May-

rand, Dearborn.

:

Front Cover. Arthur Chaput. Sr.

Dedication. Author.

2. Map of Michigan Territory, 1823, by F. Lucas, Jr., Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.

4. Robert E. Clarke, "Notes from the Copper Region," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, XXXIV (March, 1853), 442.

5 .John Pitezel, Lights and Shades of a Missionary Life (Cincinnati: Western Book Concern, 1859), p.¹6³.

7. Mrs. Joseph Callaghan (Eva Chaput).

10. Quincy stamp mill, Mrs. Joseph Callaglian; Tamarack mill, Souvenir in Photogravure of the Upper Peninsula (Calumet W. E. Steckbauer, 1900).

11. Michigan Historical Commission.

13. Arthur Larche.

14. Michigan Historical Commission, Records Relating to the Copper Strike, Box 1, Folder 4.

15. Mrs. Joseph Callaghan.

17. Michigan, Local Acts (1901), p.338.

19. Joseph Kessler.

20. Our Michigan Friends, p.634.

21. Mrs. Edward Sprietzer.

24. Mrs. Henry Bilgen.

25. Eustache Audette; Mrs. Peter Forget.

26. Mrs. Minnie Hosang.

27. Harry Hainault.

31. Mrs. Edward Sprietzer; Mrs. Mary Harrington.

32. Ads from Polk's Gazetteer of Michigan, 1897, pp. 1549-SO; Spahn photo, Mrs. Peter Forget.

33. Toplon photo, Mrs. Mary Harrington; ads from Le Courrier du Michigan (Lake Linden), June, 1919.

34. Paul B. Mayrand.

35. Mrs. Mary Harrington; Harry Hainault.

39. Louis C. Koepel.

40. Paul B. Mayrand.

44. Map from Lake Superior Mining Institute, VII (1901). 120; depot, Mrs. Peter Forget.

46. Rudolph Volimer.

48. Arthur Chaput, Sr.; Mrs. Peter Forget

51. Our Michigan Friends, p.626.

52. Mrs. Joseph Callaghan.

53. Mrs. Joseph Callaghan.

55. Arthur Chaput, Sr.; Mrs Mary Harrington.

57. Mrs. Peter Forget.

58. Arthur Chaput, Sr.

59. Lester Blondo.

60. Arthur Chaput, Sr.; Mrs. Alphonsine De Langis.

62. Rajee Tobia.

64. Le Courrier du Michigan (Lake Linden), June, 1919, p.14.

68. Paul B. Mayrand.

69. Eldridge A. Poisson, Sr.

74. Rudolph Volirner; Mrs. Dan Harrington.

75. Mrs, Mary Harrington; Lester Elondo.

77. Rudolph Voilmer; Mrs. Mary Harrington.

80. Mrs. Mary Harrington.

81. Rudolph Voilmer.

83. Arthur Chaput, Sr.

85. Michigan Historical Commission.

87. Michigan Historical Commission.

88. St. Cecilia Parish: Diamond Jubilee.

93. Delore Chaput Scrapbook,

Back cover. Journal of the Franklin Institute, Third Series, XIII (1847), 344.

The many names in the Appendix are not listed here. However, the Appendix is in alphabetical order, and the names can easily be located.

ALLARD, Art

ASURDA, Frank

AUDETTE, Alfred

BAGNALL, Frederick

BAHR, George

BAILEY, P.C.

BARAGA, Frederick

BATESKI, Theodore

BAWDEN, Frederic

BEAZLEY, --

BECKER, --

BEILMAN, Peter

BICKLE, Christina

BREE, James

BRISSON, --

BROWN, --

BROWN, Thomas

BRULE, Etienne

BURGAN, Abraham Lincoln

CAMERON, Ruth

CASHELL, John

CHADONAIS, Louis

CHAPUT, Adelore

CHAPUT, Delore "Chub"

CHARDOIS, Mrs. L.

CHEVALLIER, Joseph

CLANS, John

CLEVELAND, Grover

CLOUTHIER, Bernard

COGGIN, A.

CONNORS, Constance

CONWAY, John

COOPER, James, B.

CRARY, Selden

CUDDIHY, Dollie

CUDDIHY, James

CUDDIHY, Michael

CUDDIHY, Richards

DAOUST, Leon

DAVEY, Clarence

DAVIDSON, Robert

DEAULT, Lena

DECHARLEY, Charles

DEE, Martin

DEE, Nora

DEFORD, Alex

DE LANGIS, Donald

DION, --

DRISCOLL, J.D.

DROUIN, Mrs. C.

DUBUQUE, Wallace

DUNCAN, Charles

DUNSTAN, Lillie

DUNSTONE, William

DUTEMPLE, Octave

EDDY, Samuel

ETHIER, George

ETHIER, Joseph, Sr.

FERRIS, Woodbridge

FILLION, Isaac

FISCHER, Arthur F.

FISHER, Henry

FITZPATRICK, William

FOUNTAIN, Ed

FOUNTAINE, Genevieve

FORGET, --

FORGET, E.,

FRANCIS, "Uncle Joe,"

FRANCOIS, --

FRENETTE, George

FRENETTE, Leo

FRENETTE, Linus

FRETTER, John

GAGNON, Ben

GAGNON, Clementine

GAGNON, Weldon

GAREAU, --

GAUTHIER, Mrs. L.

GERTRUDE, Mother M.

GERTZ, Ray

GILLETTE, Xavier

GIROURD, --

GLANVILLE, Olive

GLASSNER, --

GOING, J.W.

GRAMMAS, Louis

GREG, Chris

GUIBORD, William

GUILBEAULT, Brockway

GUNDRIE, John

HAINAULT, A. J.

HANNER, --

HANNER, Charles

HANNER, Florence

HANNER, Frank

HANNER, Mable

HANNER, William

HARRINGTON, Dan

HARRINGTON, Tim

HARTMAN, George

HASTINGS, Horace

HAYDEN, Ralph

HEBERT, George

HODGES, John B.

HODGES, Mrs, J. B.

HODGES, Mrs. M.

HOLLIDAY, L. L.

HOLME, Edward

HOSANG, Ed

HUBBELL, Jay A.

HURLEY, John

HYDE, George

IISLER, A. F.

JENKINS, Joseph

JEWELL, James

JOHNSON, Sophie

JOLLY, Mike

JUNEAU, Rev.

KAHLER, Herman

KAHLER, John

KAUFMAN, A. 0.

KAUFMAN, George

KAUFMAN, Rose

KAUFMAN, W. F.

KEENO, --

KESKEY, Charles A.

KERR, A. W.

KIMBALL, Earl

KING, Walter

KOHL, Johannes

LACHANCE, --

LAFAVE, Cear

LANCTOT, Amie

LANCTOT, Lawrence

LARCHE, Arthur

LAROUX, Alex

LAROUX, E.

LEARMONT, Harvey

LEBLANC, David F.

LEBLANC, Joseph H.

LEBLANC, Joseph P.

LECLERC, Albert

LEE, M.D.

LEONARD, A. W.

LEONARD, Frank

LENZ, Yettie

LEVIN, Alex

LONGPRE --

MCCLEMENTS, A. 3.

MCCLEMENTS, Robert

MACDONALD, A. F.

MACDONALD, D. K

MACDONALD, Mary

MCDONALD, Sid

MCLAUGHLIN, Charlie

MCLAUGHLIN, Josie

MCMANIMAN, Charles

MACNAUGHTON, James

MANSEAU, Modeste

MARCHANDd, Bert

MARCOTTE, --

MARCOTTE, Art

MARCOTTE, J.

MAYRAND, Pierre-Eudore

MAYWORM, August

MEHRING, William

MELLON, Matilda

MESSNER, John

MESSNER, Karl

MILLAR, George

MILLER, James

MONTICELLO, M.

MONTAGNE, --

MONTAGUE, Grover

MONTAGUE, Peter

MONVILLE, James

MONVILLE, Lawrence

MOULTON, -

MUELLER, Rev.

NICOLET, Jean,

NORUM, --

O'BRIEN. M. E

ODGERS, Eleanor

ODGERS, Richard E

ODGERS, Roland M.

OPAL, Henry

O'ROURKE, Mort

O'ROURKE, Tom

ORR. George

OSTENZI. Florence

PARKS, --

PERREAULT, Frank

PERREAULT, John

PITEZEL, John

POISSON, Eldridge A

POISSON, Louis

POPE, John

PRINCE, Emil

PRISK, James

PRYOR, James

RADICHOCK, Joe

RADISSON, Pierre Esprit

READER, Frank

REAGAN, Patrick

REDING, Nocholas

REESMAN, Anna

REMILLARD, Edmund

REMILLARD, Felix

RHEAUME, Art

RHEAUME, Eugene

RICHARD, -

ROBERTS, Mark

ROBERTS, Thomas

ROSE, --

ROSELLA, Sister

ROWE, Charles

ST. GERMAIN, G.J.

ST. JOHN, Damase

ST, PIERRE, Telesphore

SAMSON, Chester

SAURIOL, Joseph A.

SCANLON, Patrick

SCHROEDER, J. F.

SING, Lee

SLATTERY, John

SLATTERY, Patrick

SMITH, --

SMITH, Bessie

SMITH, Charles

SMITH, Henry

SMITH, James

SMITH, Pat

SPAHN, Charles

SPAHN, William

TEEFEY, James

THURMES, C.

THURMES, --

THURMES, Louis

TOFTE, Paul

TOPLON, Meyer

TRAINOR, Harry J.

TREVILLIAN, Edwin

VALLIERE, George

VOLLMER, Rudolph

WATERS, Harvey

WHITE, C. 0.

WIEDENHOFER, Herman

WISE, Joseph

WISENER, John

WITTIE, Graham

YOKUM, G. D.

ZIMMERMANN, Hubert