During the winter of 1861, opposing forces struggled to control Tennessee and Kentucky. Specifically, Union troops sought to capture the Rebel Forts Henry and Donelson. From these bastions, the Confederates controlled Tennessee. In fact, Rebel forces even pushed into Kentucky seeking to sway the people to the Confederate cause. However, by February 1862, Federal forces finally seized these outposts, causing a collapse of the Confederate position not only in Kentucky but also in Tennessee. Within a month of these forts' capture, Rebel forces fled south to the relative safety of Corinth, Mississippi. There the confederate army reorganized in anticipation of mounting an assault to drive the Federal forces from Tennessee.

The Confederate defeats at Forts Henry and Donelson prompted the Rebel government to issue a call for additional volunteers. Responding to his government's plea for assistance, Georgia Governor Joseph Brown authorized the creation of a brigade-sized unit, drawn from thirty-four counties of northwest Georgia. In all, close to 7,000 men were recruited to fill seven new infantry regiments. On March 4, 1862, the names of one hundred thirty three men from Campbell County, Georgia were recorded in Captain Jonathan J. Bowen's log. The leadership of the company is shown in Table 1.

Captain Jonathan J. Bowen (Killed in Action, June 1864)

1st Lieutenant Williamson P. Strickland (Resigned, June 1862)

1st Lieutenant Edward H. Hines (Killed in Action, October 1862)

1st Lieutenant John P. Pendergrass (Promoted 1st Lt., October 1862)

2nd Lieutenant Patrick H. Causey (Died, April 1862)

Jr. 2nd Lieutenant Lewis R. McGuire (Promoted 2nd/Lt., April 1862)

Jr. 2nd Lieutenant George A. Winn (Promoted Jr. 2/Lt., April 1862)

1st Sergeant Richard F. McClung (Died, May 1862)

1st Sergeant John W. Sewell (Promoted 1st Sergeant, May 1862)

2nd Sergeant Moses A. Shields

3rd Sergeant William L. Lipscomb (Died, June 1863)

3rd Sergeant Thomas E. Joiner (Promoted 3rd Sergeant, October 1863)

4th Sergeant Samuel B. Mozley (Captured July 1864)

4th Sergeant Silas P. Arnold (Promoted 4th Sergeant, 1863)

1st Corporal Lloyd L. Maroney (Discharged-Illness, December 1863)

1st Corporal James W. Mauldin (Promoted 1st Corporal, December 1863)

2nd Corporal William E. Bobo (Killed in Action, April 1864)

3rd Corporal Lloyd Blair (Died of Wounds, October 1862)

4th Corporal Joseph W. Spratlin (Died, May 1862)

4th Corporal Adoniram J. Lane (Promoted 4th Corporal, 1863)

This formed the first roll call for Company K, or the Campbell Salt Springs Guards, as they styled themselves. Most units were recruited from a single county, town or city, and Company K of the 41st Georgia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was no exception. Drawn from Campbell County, these men grew up together, knew each other well and in many cases were related to each other. A review of the company roster reveals no less than twenty separate families were represented with at least two or more relatives serving in the unit. Although this practice gave the men of the unit a profound sense of belonging and camaraderie, battles or illnesses could and often did disseminate entire families and communities in one disaster.

CAMP McDONALD, BIG SHANTY, GEORGIA, March 1862

Established in June 1861, thirty miles northwest of Atlanta, the camp was laid out in a rectangular fashion and contained four separate training grounds: two for infantry regiments and one each for artillery and cavalry units. The camp had served as a training depot since the early days of the war, yet nothing could prepare the drill staff for the huge influx of incoming volunteers. By March 17, 1862, the 133 men of Company K, 41st Georgia crowded together with the other 6,640 soldiers who formed the 40th, 42nd, 43rd, and 52nd Georgia Infantry Regiments to begin their basic training at Camp McDonald. The method used to convert these volunteers into soldiers was simple and straight-forward: drill, drill and more drill.

A drum roll sounded at 5:00 a.m., signaling the start of the day. Within an hour, breakfast was prepared and eaten. Following common practice, groups of four to ten soldiers would form a mess, whereby food and duties for cooking and cleaning were rotated and shared. Often the soldiers who formed messes were linked by prior acquaintances or were related. In Company K, one mess included First Sergeant Richard McClung and his nephew, Private James McElreath; James' brother-in-law Private William McLarty; William's brother Private James McLarty; finishing this mess were close friends Privates Benjamin and Wiley Humphries and John, Andrew, and Noah Smith. Breakfast usually consisted of cornbread, or grits cooked or reheated in some fashion, and beef. Little or more often than not, no fruits were available. Coffee or its substitute - an amber mixture brewed from parched peanuts, potato skins, dried apples, corn or rye - was served hot.

From 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m., fatigue was undertaken to gather and clean equipment. At 8:00 a.m., guard was mounted for the next 24 hour period; with a rotation of two hours on and four off duty. For the remainder of the regiment, drill was practiced. At noon, lunch was prepared, again by the various messes. By 2:00 p.m., additional duties, such as instruction on firearms, bayonet and company level drill were assigned.

At five o'clock, the entire regiment paraded before the camp commander followed by supper at 6:00 p.m. A meal frequently prepared was "cush". The recipe varied depending on what ingredients were on hand, yet for the most part, cush was prepared as follows: fried bacon or cut cold beef was dipped into hot grease, water was added and the entire mixture stewed into a hash. Cornbread was crumbled into the stew and simmered until hot. Rice, peanuts, roasted corn, and field peas occasionally rounded out the meal. If available, molasses or sugar sweetened the servings of cush. Finally, coffee or its substitute was prepared. From 7:00 p.m. until 9:00 p.m., soldiers visited, wrote letters, sang, smoked or read. A long drum roll marked the end of the day at nine o'clock. This routine was practiced without variation for the entire time Company K stayed at Camp McDonald, which turned out to be less than a full month.

Within days and certainly within the passage of a few weeks, the first signs of illness surfaced. Camp conditions were notoriously bad and attempts to ensure hygiene were virtually non-existent. It was not uncommon for regiments to report one-third to one-half of their soldiers on sick lists. Because so many soldiers were from rural areas and carried little or no immunity to diseases, such as measles or chicken pox, many fell ill at the slightest exposure. Additionally, sanitary conditions were dreadful. Water sources were contaminated by improperly located latrines, resulting in dysentery. Typhoid, pneumonia and small pox often followed as homemade remedies failed to check fevers, chills, vomiting and headaches. Some of the more popular "cures" included:

Finally, as a general protection against all throat and lung infections was the common practice to let beards grow long. Despite these attempts to ward off illness, within two weeks, Private James M. Lee became the first casualty suffered in the Company, a victim of disease. Little wonder more soldiers were not stricken down with illness; yet, the worst was yet to come. As Figure 1 illustrates, measles and smallpox, both life-threatening diseases, were listed in Company K records. Yet, over thirty deaths occurred in the unit with no recorded cause other than illness. The devastation disease wrought on civil war era units is clearly shown in estimates that for every one soldier killed in battle, three died of disease. In a letter to his brother, Confederate soldier Private E. J. Ellis wrote, "Look at our company - 21 have died of disease, 18 have become so unhealthy as to be discharged, and only 4 have been killed in battle."

Other recorded illnesses causing disability but not death included sciatica or dispersed back pain, erysipelas or an inflammation of the skin accompanied by a high fever, and dyspepsia or stomach ache. By the end of the first month, transfers, disease and desertions reduced the company's original strength by nearly ten percent.

Corinth and Tupelo, Mississippi, April - July 1862

The strategically important 1,660 foot-long railroad bridge over the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, Alabama was one of the very few tracks that ran east to west in the Confederacy; in fact this rail line linked Chattanooga to western Tennessee including the Rebel bastion at Corinth, Mississippi. Union advances into middle Tennessee threatened Confederate access to this railway so, by April 9, 1862, a detached brigade including the 41st Georgia was posted to guard this bridge.

Following their defeat at the Battle of Shiloh, the Rebel army retreated to Corinth. Advancing at a rate of less that a mile per day, it took forty-nine days for the Union army under General Henry Halleck to converge on the city of Corinth. At this same time another siege was underway. Within the Company, illnesses contracted while stationed at Big Shanty continued to extract a toll on the command structure and leadership of the unit as Patrick, a platoon leader, and his brother Israel Causey died in a Chattanooga hospital. Earlier, while en route to Bridgeport, illness claimed Corporal Joseph Spratlin and Private Nathaniel Gordon near Dalton, Georgia. Again, illness spread easily among the troops at Corinth as the camp's water supplies were contaminated by latrines that were ill-properly situated. Some estimates indicated that disease fell as many men in seven weeks at Corinth as died at the Battle of Shiloh, which up to that point of the war had been the bloodiest battle waged.

The siege at Corinth compelled the 41st Georgia's return to Mississippi. By May 5, Company K reached Columbus, Mississippi. Nine days later, 1st Sergeant Richard McClung died of illness at Lauderdale Springs, Mississippi. The death of the Company's First Sergeant was a severe blow, not only to his comrades but also to his nephews, James McElreath, William, Harvey and James McLarty. The next week, on May 15th, the unit's first combat casualty was recorded. As Private James A. Wade was wounded in skirmishes outside the city. Union forces continued to consolidate around Corinth. Outnumbered by nearly 60,000 troops, the Confederates abandoned Corinth, withdrawing 50 miles south to Tupelo.

Again an excruciatingly slow Union advance allowed the Confederate Army time to undergo a needed reorganization. As part of the army's reorganization, the 41st Georgia was posted to General George Maney's brigade. This brigade contained several veteran units including the 1st, 6th and 9th Tennessee Infantry Regiments, which served as mentors to the new-recruited and untested 41st Georgia. Throughout the newly created Army of Tennessee, discipline and order was enforced and training increased. In part due to his decision to abandon Corinth without a fight, the Confederate army's commanding officer General P. G. T. Beauregard was replaced by General Braxton Bragg on June 27, 1862. General Bragg's appointment to overall command was not free from debate and discord among the upper ranks of the Confederate government. Cold and rigid to his colleagues as well as to his subordinates, General Bragg was disliked by almost all who knew him. In fact, when news of the appointment was made known in the army, Sam Watkins a private in the 1st Tennessee Infantry, recalled this as his reaction, "None of General Bragg's soldiers ever loved him." Nevertheless, Confederate President Jefferson Davis believed Bragg to be the commander who would restore order in the western theater. However, as Jefferson and the southern public would soon discover, General Bragg would create favorable situations for victory but lack the ability to bring them to a successful conclusion.

Prelude to the Invasion of Kentucky, August - October, 1862

Throughout the spring and early summer, 1862, small Confederate commands complicated Union attempts to control Tennessee. Realizing the Union advance from Corinth toward Tupelo had stalled, the Rebel government decided great gains were to be made by taking the risk of invading Tennessee and forcing the Federal forces from not only northern Mississippi but also Tennessee.

The Army of Tennessee began its trek from Tupelo to Chattanooga the third week of July. Ninety-eight officers and enlisted men of Company K, 41st Georgia left Tupelo on July 21. Boarding trains, the infantry took a circuitous route through Mobile and Atlanta. Eight days later, the regiment completed its transfer to Chattanooga. By the end of August, all of the artillery and cavalry had arrived. Despite clear indications of gathering Confederate strength at Chattanooga, and seemingly ignoring the rebel army under General E. Kirby Smith advance into middle Kentucky, the Union Army of the Ohio under General Don Carlos Buell strangely remained motionless at Stevenson, Alabama.

THE BATTLE OF PERRYVILLE, KENTUCKY, October 8, 1862

On August 29, 1862, the Confederate army invaded Tennessee. Having outflanked the Union army, by September 13, the Rebels were at Bowling Green, Kentucky. Two days later, Bragg's Confederates defeated a union garrison at Munfordville opening the route to Franklin, the Kentucky capitol. Meanwhile, awakened by the danger the Confederates posed to northern Kentucky, General Buell raced to Louisville, arriving there in early October. The appearance of Buell's army caused Company K of the 41st Georgia and the rest of the Confederate army to stop near the town of Perryville.

In 1862, the countryside near Perryville was boldly undulating and varied with farms, cornfields and plantations, bordered by native fields. The town was equal distance between the Ohio River and the Tennessee border. Whatever force occupied Perryville would command the central portion of Kentucky which could serve as a barrier to threats to Tennessee or as a base to raid into Ohio. During the late summer and early autumn, the area in and around Perryville was subjected to a prolonged drought. By October, many of the creeks and small streams were completely dried up, forcing the two armies to forage for water as well as for foodstuffs. In fact, as the two armies neared other on October 7th, fierce skirmishes broke out for control of the only water source at Perryville, a stream called Doctor's Creek. Darkness ended the fight; however, each side prepared for reengagement at daylight. That evening, General Maney's brigade was posted to the west end of the town. There, Company K and the 41st Georgia as well as the 1st Tennessee Regiment were assigned tent space near the town cemetery, a disturbing irony that Marcus Toney and Sam Watkins, both privates in the 1st Tennessee, noted in their journals.

At noon, October 8th, Confederate artillery opened fire on Union lines signaling the start of the Battle of Perryville. This was to be the defining event for the men of Company K. The 41st Georgia formed the right-most unit in Rebel battle line that stretched over a quarter of a mile in length. They assembled under the cover of a grove of oak trees that lined Doctor's Creek and waited impatiently as the artillery continued to bombard the Union positions. As shown in Diagram 1, Company K was deployed shoulder to shoulder in a linear formation with intervals of only 21 to 24 inches between, followed by a second identical line or rank only 32 inches behind the first. Thus, the company of 98 men covered a front of approximately 25 to 30 yards. The captain was the first man on the extreme right and the lieutenants and sergeants formed at wide intervals behind the second rank.

Second Rank Front Rank

4th Corporal Lane

2nd Sgt. Shields (10) Privates (8) Privates

1st Lt. Hines 3rd Corporal Blair

Jr. 2nd Lt. Winn (10) Privates (8) Privates

2nd Corporal Bobo

4th Sgt. Mozley (10) Privates (8) Privates

1st Corporal Maroney

2nd Lt. McGuire (10) Privates (8) Privates

4th Sgt. Arnold 1st Sergeant Sewell Captain Bowen

Having shelled the Union lines for two hours, General Bragg ordered his division commanders to launch their attacks. At 2:15 p.m., moving out from the relative safety of the woods, Company K and the rest of General Maney's brigade came under fire from the Federal troops defending a hill almost two hundred yards away. Opposing the Georgians was the 33rd Union Brigade and an artillery battery under the command of General William R. Terrill. Soon, this battery opened fire on the advancing rebels. Major Allen of the 27th Tennessee wrote, "We were in full view of the battery. Large boughs were torn from trees, the trees themselves shattered as if by lightening and the ground plowed in deep furrows by spent cannon balls." Confirming this recollection was the account given by Company K's deputy commander, Major Jonathan Knight.

As it [41st Georgia] emerged from the woods it came in view of the enemy's battery, situated on an eminence in a cleared field, supported by a heavy force...the Forty-First Regiment was first exposed to the fire, and soon as it was in view of the enemy opened upon them a most terrific and deadly fire, when our regiment halted for several minutes.

Ten minutes into the attack, the Rebel advance slowed as it encountered a wooden fence that ran parallel to the Union lines. Captain Thomas H. Malone, General Maney's adjutant described the scene as "I saw the 41st Georgia and the 6th and 9th Tennessee Regiments lying on the ground, engaged in a bitter fight with the line of enemy on the edge of the hill." The struggle hung in the balance for a few frantic minutes as each side fired volley after volley.

Colonel George C. Porter, commander of the 6th Tennessee Infantry recalled the desperation of the battle. "It [the Confederate attack] came to a high fence at the edge of the wood, at which time it seemed impossible for humanity to go farther, such was the havoc and destruction that had taken place in their ranks." It was at this location that Company K and the 41st Georgia suffered most of its losses that afternoon. Almost 40% of the regiment's killed were from Company K, including Privates James M. Abbott, Augustus C. Brown, John L. Cochran, William W. McLarty, J. W. Renfroe, George W. Robbins, Edward D. Wood, and P. L. Yawn. Also killed was 1st Lieutenant Edward H. Hines. Wounded included 3rd Corporal Lloyd Blair, who later died of his injuries, Privates Wiley T. Humphries, James M. McElreath and Charles W. Mozley.

Riding behind the stalled attack, General Maney ordered, entreated and threatened the soldiers to push forward, past the fence and up the hill toward the guns. With a massive rush, the Confederates stormed the hill capturing all of the Union guns and routing the two regiments providing it support. On top the hill, the 41st Georgia collapsed exhausted among its hard-won trophies, its battle over. The slaughter had been tremendous. Captain Malone wrote, "I could walk upon dead bodies from where the enemy's line was established until it reached the woods, some three hundred yards away..." For J. J. Polk, a Kentucky physician, the scene was hideous. He wrote in his journal, "The ground was strewn with soiled and torn clothes, muskets, blankets, and the various accouterments of the dead soldiers. Trees not more than one foot in diameter contained from 20 to 30 muskets balls and buck-shot, put into them during the battle. I counted four hundred and ten dead men on a small spot of ground. My heart grew sick at the sight, and I ceased to enumerate them."

Later that afternoon, the Union lines stabilized. Realizing his army was outnumbered, General Bragg ordered a retreat the next day to Harrodsburg. On October 11, augmented by reinforcements from General Kirby Smith's army, Company K and the other units of the Army of Tennessee were set for a final battle to determine control over Kentucky. Strangely, despite superior numbers, high morale and the advantage of having selected the battlefield, General Bragg ordered a general retreat to Bryantsville, twenty miles east of Perryville. Upon hearing this order, the troops' expressed disbelief as was apparent in the journal of Robert C. Carden, a private in the 16th Tennessee Infantry.

"After giving the Yankees a good thrashing we started to hunt some more to whip. We had full possession of the battlefield but...we started for Cumberland Gap."

The personal dramas, tragedies and triumphs of the men involved in this battle were many and varied. Representative of the many who were injured that day, sometime during the assault against the Union battery, Private James M. McElreath was wounded. Shot twice in the left leg, one bullet went through his thigh and the other bullet struck his ankle breaking and lodging in the bone. The wound had been caused by a .58 caliber soft-lead Minie ball, so named after the French officer who invented it. This bullet was heavy enough to shatter any bone it hit but often traveled too slow a velocity to exit. Additionally, the bullet distorted on impact so as to tear an enormous wound, carrying dirt, bits of clothing and germs deep into the body. As horrible as Civil War wounds were, a soldier's chance for survival was often reduced by the care, or the lack thereof, received by army physicians. The typical physician was described by W. W. Keen, a military doctor himself, "We operated in old blood-stained and often pus-stained coats, the veterans of a hundred fights...If a sponge or instrument fell to the ground, it was washed and squeezed in a basin of tap water as if it were clean." The fact that James McElreath survived not only his wound but the treatment administered afterwards is truly remarkable.

RETREAT FROM KENTUCKY, October 9 - November 1862

The Battle of Perryville transformed the town into one huge field hospital. Over 7,500 casualties were left behind by both the retiring Confederate Army and the slow-advancing Union army. J. J. Polk remembered,

"For more than ten days after the battle the field hospitals...were being cleared of the wounded. All the churches and public buildings, together with most of the private houses, in Perryville, were employed as hospitals. Thousands of the wounded were brought in and made as comfortable as possible....There was scarcely a house for ten miles around that was not encumbered, more or less, with the sick and wounded."

Placed in make-shift hospitals at Harrodsburg, James McElreath and 1,600 other rebels were captured by Union cavalry on October 17th.

At this stage of the Civil War, prisoners were routinely "exchanged on parole". This practice had its roots in an agreement formulated between the United States and Great Britain during the War of 1812. In Europe, the practice of exchanging prisoners dated back centuries to the Middle Ages, when a knight captured was traded for another knight, archer for archer and yeoman for yeoman. Based on an agreement between Confederate and Union officials on July 22, 1862, captured soldiers would be exchanged. This was a two-step process: parole and then exchange. Section One of "The Cartel", as the exchange agreement was unofficially called, outlined the following exchanged rates:

To be paroled meant that the prisoner was returned to his side but forbidden to fight again until he was exchanged, that is, cleared to fight again. James McElreath was released on parole from Union custody at Vicksburg, Mississippi on December 5, 1862.

Meanwhile for those in Company K who escaped capture, the retreat was long and hard. The army reached Crab Orchard on October 16th, eight days later they crossed back into Tennessee at Cumberland Gap. Again, Robert Carden wrote in his journal "On this retreat I suffered more with hunger than I ever did during the war..." Compounding the misery of the retreating Confederate soldiers, a rare late October storm blanketed the ground with nearly six inches of snow. With no tents and few blankets, widespread illness broke out among the troops. By November 15th, over 15,000 rebels were confined to eastern Tennessee hospitals alone. Having traveled by trains from Knoxville, the Army of Tennessee finally stopped its retreat at Tullahoma on November 23rd.

For Company K of the 41st Georgia their participation in the invasion of Kentucky ended with its ranks thinned 38% by illness and battle deaths. Figures in Figure 2 below illustrate the attrition rate for 1862.

On December 13th, a reorganization of the army grouped the 41st Georgia together with its sister units, the 40th, 42nd and 53rd Georgia Infantry regiment. Under the command of General Carter L. Stevenson, these units were sent as reinforcements to the garrison at Vicksburg, Mississippi on December 18th. Arriving on December 27th, the brigade was immediately posted to the rifle-pits three miles north of the city on the Lake Chickasaw Bayou.

THE VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN, MISSISSIPPI, December 1862 - July 1863

A day earlier, Union forces under General William T. Sherman began an advance against the fortress at Vicksburg via the Chickasaw Bayou. On December 29th, near Indian Mound, the Federals made five separate assaults against the rebel defenses; each one easily repulsed. Held in reserve, Company K and the 41st Georgia watched as their sister regiments, the 40th, 42nd and 53rd Georgia Infantry beat off all the attacks which lasted into the night. Defeated, the Union Army pulled back to regroup. For the time, Vicksburg remained safe from further attacks.

For the better part of January and February 1863, the Confederates at Vicksburg organized their defenses. A routine of camp life resumed, discipline was strict with numerous roll calls and drills undertaken to keep the garrison active and alert. By the second week of February, the cold weather that had clutched the area since January 31st broke granting some relief to those rebels manning the breastworks and trenches. Yet rains began on February 16th, causing the Mississippi River to rise greatly, preventing any serious Union threat to the city's defenses. In a letter home, R. W. Burt, a captain in the 76th Ohio Infantry Regiment, reported the Mississippi had risen ten feet over the levees that had once contained the river.

In March the Union army began a series of moves which ultimately brought about the fall on Vicksburg. The first of these maneuvers began on March 29th as an advance along the western side of the Mississippi River from Milliken's Bend to Hard Times, Louisiana. Having failed to take Vicksburg in the assault at Chickasaw Bayou, General Grant determined to flank the fortress to the south.

On April 2nd, Company K and the 41st Georgia were assigned to a brigade-sized unit under the command of General Stephen D. Lee which shadowed a Union advance toward Greenville, Black Bayou and Deer Creek. This covering action took the Company away from the routine tedium of the garrison. On Tuesday, April 7th and three days later on the 10th, the 41st Georgia skirmished with the Federal reconnaissance. By the 14th, the Union forces had returned to their lines, causing Company K and the 41st Georgia to be organized into General Barton's brigade and posted to south of Vicksburg. In his journal, Captain W. L. Calhoun of the 42nd Georgia Infantry described General Bowen's brigades, including Co. K and the 41st Georgia, move into positions south of the city along the Warrenton Road to Hall's Ferry on the Big Black River.

Supporting this advance, on the evening of April 16th, a Union riverine fleet successfully ran the rebel batteries and headed for a juncture with the ground forces below Vicksburg. By the end of the month, preparations were ready to assault the eastern side of the Mississippi River near Grand Gulf. The Union fleet which had earlier passed successfully Vicksburg, began to bombard Confederate forces garrisoning the forts south of the city on April 29th. While silencing the rebel gun positions close to the water, those emplacements higher in elevation remained intact and by the end of the day, drove off the Union attack. Denied a landing, General Grant ordered his column as well as the fleet farther south to the town of Bruinsburg. There, on April 30th, some 17,000 Federal soldiers were astride the Mississippi River and headed north to threaten Vicksburg.

Pushing inland, the superior Union forces captured the rebel position at Port Gibson, thereby allowing an unobstructed approach to Vicksburg from the south. Unable to cross the flooded Big Black River, on May 9th, the Federals shifted their line of march eastward toward Jackson. General Pemberton ordered most of the Vicksburg garrison, including Company K and the 41st Georgia to march toward Jackson to affect a link with a Confederate army under General Joseph Johnston that was approaching Vicksburg from the east. However, on May 16th, the Vicksburg garrison is intercepted by the Union army at Baker's Creek. Company K and the 41st Georgia is placed in reserve along the left flank of the Confederate line. Throughout the battle, the Union army launched a series of flanking attacks that successfully extended the rebel lines until at four o'clock in the afternoon, the Confederate army broke and retreated. Being in reserve, Company K did not suffer the same level of casualties as did its sister units. Pulling back to Vicksburg, the 41st Georgia assumed its positions in the South Fort trenches of Vicksburg. Within days, the rebel relief force under General Joseph Johnston met a similar defeat from the Union army and from May 18th, Vicksburg was cut off.

For the next 47 days, Company K and the 41st Georgia was held in reserve. Meanwhile, two attacks: one on May 19th and the other one on May 22nd were made on the rebel positions north of the 41st Georgia. Each of these Federal assaults were repulsed with great loses to the attackers. Following these disastrous onslaughts, the Union army began almost constant shelling of the city and its fortifications.

Although no large scale attacks were made following the May 22nd assault, a number of mines were dug and exploded in an attempt to breach the Confederate lines. On Thursday, June 25th and again on July 1st mines were blown up under the rebel fort called the Louisiana Redan. As the siege continued, food inside the city became scarce. Once plentiful in April, supplies by May had been reduced by half. Then in June, rations were reduced to a third. In a letter home, Union Captain Burt of the 76th Ohio Infantry related how rebel deserters reported provisions were down to dried ground peas and blue beef. In addition to battling the besieging Union army, the garrison was soon under attack by illness, as fever and dysentery soon placed nearly half of the rebel army on the sick list. By the end of June, General Pemberton realized the end was near, as Union assault trenches had reached to within fifty yards of the main garrison defenses.

On July 4th, 29,000 Confederate soldiers including the 36 men of Company K surrendered to the Union army. The Mississippi River was now in Federal control, splitting into two halves the Confederacy. To date, the surrender of the Vicksburg garrison was the greatest defeat any rebel army had suffered in the war. Of the 45 men of Company K who entered the siege on May 18th, only 36 officers and enlisted men were alive to surrender. 3rd Sergeant Wiliam J. Lipscomb, Privates John McWilliams, Wiley T. Humphries, Richard Ferrell and Pleasant W. Reeves died of disease during the siege, wounded were Privates William L. Mathews and Berdine Tucker, Private Micajah Carver transferred to another unit Private James A. Wade deserted.

PAROLE CAMP, DALTON, GEORGIA, July - October 1863

On July 12th, Company K was paroled. That day the unit left for Mobile, Alabama. Marching south, the unit reached the gulf coast eleven days later. From Mobile, the Company entrained and traveled to Demopolis, Alabama, then Selma and finally arriving in Atlanta by August 19th. When the soldiers in the company discovered that the usual thirty-day furloughs given to paroled troops would not be issued, disappointment and resentment prompted many to simply walk away to their homes. As early as April 1862, and continuing into the summer of 1863, absences without leaves proved an embarrassing problem to the rebel government. Andrew Patrick, a private in the 37th Mississippi Infantry wrote to his wife in the autumn of 1862, "I am uneasy about you and the children getting something to eat...there is already a heap of men gone home and a heap says if their families get to suffering that they will go, even if they have to suffer [punishment]". Newspaper articles of the day, reveal the desperation of officials as they pleaded, cajoled and threatened the troops to remain with their units. For many soldiers, there was little they could do except wait to be exchanged. Captain Bowen ordered the company to be reorganized, filling vacant leadership positions in the ranks. On October 30th, Private Thomas E. Joiner was promoted to replace Sergeant William Lipscomb had died of illness in June during the Siege of Vicksburg.

The Chattanooga Campaign, TENNESSEE, November-December 1863

Although not exchanged in time to participate in the Battle of Chickamauga in September, by the 29th of October, Company K and the 41st Georgia had moved north into Tennessee as part of the general Confederate advance. While at Sweetwater, forty miles northeast of Chattanooga, in his requisitions for supplies, Captain Bowen reported only three subalterns: 1st Lieutenant John Pendergrass, 2nd Lieutenant Lewis McGuire, and Jr. 2nd Lieutenant Henry Winn and 29 men were present for duty.

By November 5th, Company K and the other paroled units from the Vicksburg garrison were exchanged. Freed to resume duties, the Company was ordered south to join the rebel siege of Chattanooga. The military situation the South found itself in that fall was critical in Tennessee and northern Georgia. Union General Rosecrans had captured Chattanooga in early September only to become besieged in it by the end of the month following his defeat at Chickamauga. Assigned to the brigade commanded by General Marcellus A. Stovall, once again, the men of Company K served alongside fellow Georgians of the 40th, 42nd, 43rd and 52nd Infantry regiments On November 24th, the unit had been placed in the trenches just east of the Chattanooga Creek and Watkins on the Chattanooga valley floor between Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge.

The Battle of Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, November 25, 1863

The rebel defenses at Missionary Ridge appeared impregnable. Along a ridge rising upward several hundred feet, the Confederates had established three parallel lines of trenches: one at the foot of the ridge, another trench was half way up and the last line of defense was at the crest of the ridge. At the same time these defenses were being prepared, the Union army steadily grew stronger, so much so that by the end of November, 80,000 soldiers were poised under their new commander, General Grant to attack.

On November 23rd, separate Union columns advanced from their defenses at Chattanooga. Their target was the rebels positions held by the Georgians, including Company K and the 41st Georgia. Against overwhelming numbers, the Confederates quickly abandoned their positions for the relative safety of those defenses on Missionary Ridge. During the night, the 41st Georgia were to guard the extreme left flank of the rebel line. Barely had the troops settled in their new defenses when the Federals attacked again the next day. The brunt of the assault fell to the rebel units holding the center of the line and although Company K suffered only one casualty, Private Thomas Hollman was wounded; elsewhere, the confederates were routed. Throughout the day, repeated Union assaults continually weakened the rebel defenses. In a final push, the last trench was breached and the confederates broke to the rear in a retreat that did not stop until they reached Dalton, Georgia, three days later and thirty miles southeast of Chattanooga.

Although the Union victory at Missionary Ridge was stunning, their failure to pursue and complete the destruction of the rebel army allowed the confederates time to rebuild their forces. The loss at Missionary Ridge claimed one more casualty, as on December 1st, General Bragg resigned. For many in the army, the news was a bittersweet relief.

Winter Camp, Dalton, Georgia, December 1863 -March 1864

In a letter typical of those received at winter camp, a soldier's wife pleaded with him to make a critical choice.

My dear Edward - I have always been proud of you, and since your connection with he Confederate Army, I have been prouder of you than ever before. I would not have you do anything wrong for the world, but before God, Edward, unless you come home we must die...your darling Lucy, she never complains, but she is getting thinner and thinner everyday. And before God, Edward, unless you come home, we must die.

Within a month following the retreat to Dalton, Privates Joseph Causey, John Joiner, Robert Maddox, James Martin, William Mathews, William Newborn, George Scroggins deserted. The new year saw these desertions continued as Sergeant Samuel B. Mozley was reported missing on January 7, 1864. In addition, those who could secure a medical furlough did as Privates Caleb Bonds, William Cochran, Hiram Mozley, Samuel Wood and Corporal Lloyd Maroney were reported absent sick from the camp.

The new rebel commander, General Joseph Johnston attempted to bring order to the furlough situation. All units were allotted a percentage of 30-day leaves. Additionally, he ordered a complete reorganization of the army. The end of 1863 saw the Confederate cause weakened by their defeats at Vicksburg and at Missionary Ridge. As a result of these military disasters, the Union army was less than 150 miles from Atlanta and although everyone anticipated a Federal onslaught in the upcoming spring, no one, least of all the soldiers of Company K, imaged the destruction that would occur to their homes in northern Georgia.

THE ATLANTA CAMPAIGN, GEORGIA, April - August, 1864

Setting out from their base at Chattanooga, the Union army invaded Georgia in the spring of 1864. Under the command of General William T. Sherman, nearly 100,000 federal soldiers divided into three columns and targeted for destruction the smaller rebel army at Dalton. The advancing federal army was not the only challenge to General Johnston's confederates. By the end of March, the level of morale in the rebel army had fallen so that medical officers wrote of a particular kind of depression, "nostalgia" as it was called among the troops. In fact, so great was the fear of desertion, that troops, especially those from far away Texas, were routinely denied furloughs as it was feared that they would never return. Even drastic punishments such as the May 4th execution of 14 captured deserters change the fact that troops habitually deserted when their home territory was given up to the enemy.

In April, Company K could muster only 49 officers and enlisted men or 37% of its original strength. This reduced effectiveness mirrored the condition of the Confederate army in Georgia. Outnumbered by the Union forces, General Johnston adopted the tactic of strategically retreating in face of these overwhelming odds, instead relying on the rough terrain to compensate for lacking numbers.

Nearing Dalton, on May 8th, the Union army prepared to assault the rebel defenses at Rocky Face Ridge. This 1,500 foot high ridge was a natural barrier and the Confederate army had entrenched along its summit. Company K and the 41st Georgia was assign trenches to defend to the right of the ridge along the Dug Gap valley floor. Two federal columns demonstrated against this position while a third maneuvered to swing behind the position at Resaca. Fighting occurred along the ridge, yet the defenses held. On May 13th, General Johnston was now made aware that the Union column was nearing his rear at Resaca, and ordered a retreat. Having the advantage of the Western & Atlantic Railroad on which to use to transport troops, the rebels beat the Union troops to Resaca. Assuming a defensive position north of the city, Company K and the 41st Georgia held the right flank. When the Federal army arrived on May 14th, they attacked along the line probing for weaknesses. Unable to break through these defenses, General Sherman ordered a maneuver aimed at flanking the rebel line at Lay's Ferry five miles to the west of Resaca. Unable to stop this union move, the Confederates chose to fall back to Adairsville. Company K suffered several casualties in the defense of Resaca. Privates James W. Campbell and Jesse H. Martin were killed; while, Private William A. Howell was wounded on May 14th. Four days later, at Cassville, 2nd Corporal William E. Bobo died of illness.

At Adairsville, the terrain that General Johnston had hoped to defend proved too much for his small army, so by May 20th, they retreated to Allatoona Pass. In typical fashion, the Union army swept outwards to the east and west attempting to flank the rebels near Dallas. Anticipating this maneuver, the Confederates entrenched at New Hope Church thus blocking the Union move. On May 25th, Company K and the 41st Georgia along with the rest of the Confederate Army successfully defended their positions. However, wounded in the battle, were 1st Sergeant John W. Sewell and Private George W. Hutchins. Through the next day, a heavy rain fell as the two sides entrenched and waited for the next skirmish. Union reconnaissance continued into the night, as General Sherman attempted to locate any weaknesses in the rebel lines.

The next day, General Sherman ordered new attacks along the Confederate right flank. Unable to counter these repeated maneuvers, the rebels retreated southward to Kennesaw Mountain, arriving there on June 15th. Kennesaw Mountain is a high range of hills trailing northwest, anchored at one end of this range is Brush Mountain and at the other end is Pine Mountain. The entire range is covered with dense undergrowth and huge stands of chestnut trees. On Monday, June 27th, thinking the rebel lines overstretched from flanking moves to the east and west of Kennesaw Mountain, General Sherman ordered a direct assault on the main Confederate positions. Behind massive breastworks, the rebels easily repulsed the Union attack. Yet, Company K suffered a serious loss when Captain Jonathan J. Bowen, the company commander, was killed.

Breaking off the futile assaults, the Union commander decided to return to the tactics that had, up to this point in the campaign, proved successful - that is, dividing his army into three corps and using them to constantly outflank the smaller Confederate army. Anticipating this move, the rebels fell back from the Marietta-Kennesaw Mountain area.

As the confederate army moved south, Company K began to experience losses through capture and desertions. The first week in July saw Privates Emanuel L. Hollman, Alfred W. Hicks, William P. Mitchell, Robert B. Maddox, Elisha Rodgers and James F. Kerley captured at their homes, which were now behind enemy lines. These captures represent a pattern that emerged as the Confederates retreated further south; men from the northern counties simply refused to retreat beyond their homes. Company K was not immune to this phenomenon. In a sister unit, Company A of the 40th Georgia Infantry, drawn from northwest Georgia, and a unit that had fought with unblemished record, when ordered to retreat past Paulding County, nearly 5% of its soldiers walked away to their homes. While rebel officials dealt severely with desertion, soldiers wrote sympathetically, "Those that leave call it going to protect their families, which is a man's duty." Even the July 21st edition of the New York Herald reported that "[confederate] deserters have been coming in our lines in great numbers since we [crossed the Chattahoochee River]."

Fueling the conviction that there was a greater duty than serving in the army were the pleas of families for their fathers, brothers, sons and husbands to return home. Rains in May delayed planting and as June gave way to early July, a severe drought doomed much of the harvest. Families were starving. One Company K soldier, whose cousins lived three miles from Kennesaw Mountain, survived that spring and summer by walking day after day the Kennesaw battlefield picking up spent musket bullets to sell the lead back to the Union army. Of the 47 soldiers present for duty at the end of June, twelve were captured within the first two weeks in July. This represented a lost of 26% of the company's strength. Yet the confederate army remained defiant. In a letter to this sister, Private O. D. Chester wondered aloud, "There is a force of Yankees on this side of the river [Chattahoochee] and have been there for some time. Why General Johnson [sic] don't drive them back I don't know he must have some object in mind."

By the end of the second week in July, another six soldiers from Company K had been captured. Taken into Union custody were 2nd Lieutenant George A. Winn, 4th Corporal Adoniram J. Lane, and Privates Dudley S. Diggs, Daniel W. Diggs, Manning L. Payne and James M. McElreath. Events surrounding the last soldier mentioned provides a unique glimpse into the hardships faced by most of the soldiers in the Company. Following his wound at Perryville, James McElreath recovered enough to return to serve at Vicksburg where he was captured and paroled. By December 1863, he was present for duty at Missionary Ridge; however, before the second week in May 1864, while at Resaca, Private McElreath was granted a medical furlough. On July 14th, he was captured at his home in Campbell County. Within a week James was at the temporary military prison at Chattanoogna. There he signed a loyalty oath to the United States government. Later, on August 3rd, while in the military prison at Louisville, Kentucky, James swore allegiance again. Thus, as a deserter from the Confederate Army, James was released from prison to serve the remainder of the war on a small farm near the prison. No doubt a motivating factor to James and perhaps others who were captured to sign the loyalty oath were the conditions that faced those who refused to swear allegiance and therefore were retained in prison. One such prison was Camp Chase near Columbus, Ohio. A confederate soldier confined to this prison, M. A. Ryan, described the conditions as such:

Only by spooning two could lie in one bunk. We slept on naked planks, straw being allowed. We were not allowed fires in our store after night. No chairs or benches and when we sat, we sat on the floor. As to our rations...one-half loaf of bread eight inches long divided between eight men, one slice to a man twice a day. One tablespoon of navy beans with pickled beef the size of person's forefinger...

Meanwhile, when General Johnston ordered another retreat south from the Chattahoochee River to Peachtree Creek, the Confederate government replaced him with General John B. Hood on July 17th. Personally brave, yet rash and reckless, General Hood was instructed to fight and three days later, he ordered the rebel army to attack the Union forces that were astride Peachtree Creek. Although nearly overrun in several locations, the federal lines held and Hood's army fell back to Atlanta.

Two concentric rings of defenses surrounded Atlanta. General Hood ordered his army to pull back to the inner circle of trenches hoping the Union army would follow closely. Stealing a march on the federals, a rebel column was able to maneuver around the Union lines and attack their relatively unprotected left flank. The Confederate attack was successful in many places; however, Union reserves held and the rebels broke off their assault in the late afternoon of July 22nd. Wounded in the attack was Private J. William Washington, the only casualty Company K suffered. From July 22nd through August 2nd, the Union army probed the rebel defenses on both sides of the city. Company K soldiers, 1st Corporal James W. Mauldin, Privates Edward C. Sims, James S. Mozley, John H. Smith, Walter W. Stewart, James M. Martin and William J. Newborn were captured in a Union cavalry sweep west of Atlanta that ended in the third week of August. By the end of August, General Sherman's army finally cut the rebel supply lines south of Atlanta near Jonesborough. A Confederate counterattack on August 31st failed to dislodge the federal defenders there and on September 1, 1864, Atlanta was evacuated by the rebel army.

THE FRANKLIN - NASHVILLE CAMPAIGN, TENNESSEE, September - December 1864

In a rash move designed to draw the Union army northward away from Atlanta, General Hood ordered the remnants of the rebel army to destroy the federal supply lines. Yet the Confederate army that marched northward was a mere shell of the once mighty Army of Tennessee that invaded Tennessee in the spring of 1862. Most of the regiments were actually company-size, most companies were actually platoon-size, and Company K was no exception. Of the 133 officers and enlisted men who mustered into service in March 1862, only 32 survived disease, wounds or capture to move with General Hood toward Tennessee.

Crossing the Chattahoochee River, the Confederate army passed through Big Shanty to Acworth Station threatening the Union supply line running from Chattanoogna to Atlanta. By October 5th, the Confederates, including Company K and the 41st Georgia were near Allatoona. Attempting to cut the supply line there, the rebels were defeated by the strong Union garrison. General Sherman detached a portion of the Union Army to pursue the rebels and then resumed the advance to Savannah. Abandoning northern Georgia, General Hood's army traveled westward. By October 29, the rebels were outside the city of Decatur, Alabama looking for a place to cross the Tennessee River and thus begin their offensive. However, all rebel attempts to force a crossing there were beaten back and once again, the Confederate army fell back to discover a path into Tennessee. Captured during one of these assaults, was Private John B. Humphries, the only loss suffered by Company K.

Nearing Columbia, Tennessee on November 24th, General Hood ordered a force march on to Spring Hill a town closer to Nashville, which was his strategic objective. The Union Army at Columbia was slow to recognize the rebel intentions, and had to race to beat the confederates to Spring Hill. Wishing to avoid a pitched battle at Spring Hill, the Union commander ordered a retreat to Franklin. The rebels caught up with the federals at Franklin and in a desperate struggle, that cost the lives of six confederate generals, finally forced the Union army to pull back to Nashville. On December 1st, the Union army took a strong defensive position in entrenchments that had been prepared almost two years earlier during the 1862 campaign, and thereafter reinforced each year. Two weeks later, on December 16th, the Union army struck the rebel army in a massive attack and routed it. Whole units of the Confederate army dissolved as they retreated toward Tupelo, Mississippi. Company K retained it cohesion and pulled back with the main army; however, two soldiers, Privates Andrew R. Smith and 3rd Sergeant Thomas E. Joiner were wounded in the battle. The last Confederate offensive of the war had ended. As the rebel army entered winter quarters at Tupelo, General Hood was relieved of his command and General Joseph Johnston was reinstated as the Army of Tennessee's commander. To the men of Company K, 1864 passed with sad memories of their commander killed and their homes overrun by the Union army. Only 1st Lieutenant John P. Pendergrass, 2nd Lieutenant Lewis McGuire, 2nd Sergeant Moses A. Shields, 2nd Corporal J. H. Howell and 18 privates remained of the original 133 members of Company K.

THE CAROLINA CAMPAIGN, NORTH CAROLINA, January - April 1865

At the start of 1865, few strategic rebel targets remained. General Grant's plan for the spring offensive included ferrying by sea transport General Sherman's army to Virginia; however, Sherman proposed a sweep to Virginia through the Carolinas. His plan was bold in its inception; however, realistically, at this stage of the conflict there was little that stood in the way of its execution. Using the time afforded him during the winter, General Joseph Johnston struggled to reorganized the Confederate forces east of Georgia. In all, only 20,000 soldiers could be assembled to block the Union advance which was sure to begin as soon as warm weather returned. Confederate regiments that once had 1,000 men now had less than 200; companies that once fielded 100 men could barely assemble 25. Illness, desertions and captures devastated the cohesiveness of units, including Company K. So few soldiers were left in the ranks that the 40th, 41st and 43rd Georgia Infantry Regiments were consolidated into a battalion sized unit, the 40th Georgia Infantry Battalion.

The remnants of the Army of Tennessee, previously encamped at Tupelo, began to make their way by rail eastward to Charlotte the second week of March. Having only delayed the Union offensive at Kingston and Averasborough, by March 18th, the Confederate army was entrenched at Bentonville hoping to finally halt the federal advance on Goldsboro. The last combat casualty suffered by Company K came on March 10th, when Private William S. Mozley was wounded.

The Battle of Bentonville, March 19-21, 1865

Lacking the manpower to stop the combined Union forces' advance, General Johnston hoped to catch and destroy any Union column or wing that became separated from the main army. On March 19th, the rebels attacked a Union column near Bentonville. The initial attack crushed the federal lines however the confederate assault failed to destroy the Union force. Darkness ended the fighting. Knowing the Union army would reinforce for a renewed battle the next day, General Johnston contracted his lines to protect the army's supply and communication lines. The anticipated federal attack failed to materialize the next day and only skirmishing occurring along the front. However, as the Confederates were evacuating their wounded to Raleigh on March 21st, a Union force attempted to slip behind and block their retreat. Realizing their only avenue to escape the larger Union army was threatened, the rebels launched violent counter-attacks. Numerous assaults finally forced the federals back. Having lost 239 killed, 1,964 wounded and nearly 700 captured, the rebel army retreated to Raleigh during the night of March 21st. In a March 24th report to his government, General Johnston wearily mentioned that since March 19th, approximately 4,000 soldiers had deserted rather than accept the inevitable surrender. Tired, hungry, ill-clothed and equipped, sick and depressed from yet another defeat, on April 26th, General Johnston finally surrendered this 14,000-man Army of Tennessee to General Sherman at Greensboro, North Carolina. For Company K, only 26 officers and enlisted men remained from the original 133 who mustered into service only 36 months earlier.

Aftermath

Company K fought in twelve pitched battles, from Perryville, Missionary Ridge, Kennesaw Mountain, Franklin and Bentonville; participated in two sieges, Vicksburg and Atlanta, and served in campaigns that spanned seven separate states of the Confederacy.

And in the course of serving the Confederacy, the company lost nearly 80% of its original members to illness, desertion, capture and battle deaths and wounds. The following statistic illustrates the impact that three years of constant warfare had on Company K, in that only ten of the 67 soldiers who represented the 26 families with two or more relatives survived to surrender at Greensboro, North Carolina. Simply put, the War decimated many of the families of the communities from which Company K was recruited. In the end, there was little the survivors of Company K could do except return home as soon as possible and attempt to rebuild their shattered lives.

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