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County Kilkenny
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The Down Survey of Ireland was carried out by Sir William Petty on behalf of the Commonwealth government. This so called '1659 census' was in reality a poll tax, levied on every head of household counted. Despite its imperfection the poll tax provides us with an interesting view of Kilkenny's population, representing the first 'cesnus' of population ever conducted.
A total of 127 surnames representing 3,380 families were returned in the Down Survey of Co. Kilkenny, of which the name Walsh was the most popular and was found in every barony except Gowran. The popularity of the leading twenty families is shown in the table below:
| No. | Name | # of Families | Principal Barony |
| 1. | Walsh, Welsh, Welch | 372 | Knocktopher |
| 2. | Murphy, Morphy | 282 | Gowran |
| 3. | Brennan | 185 | Fassadinin |
| 4. | Butler | 159 | Gowran |
| 5. | Kelly | 146 | Gowran |
| 6. | Phelan | 140 | Fassadinin |
| 7. | Maher, Moher | 125 | Galmoy |
| 8. | Birne, Byrne | 111 | Gowran |
| 9. | Cody, Coady | 93 | Gowran |
| 10. | Purcell | 91 | Fassadinin |
| 11. | Shea, Shee | 91 | Kells |
| 12. | Duluny, Delaney | 88 | Galmoy |
| 13. | Ryan | 83 | Knocktopher |
| 14. | Grace | 78 | Crannagh |
| 15. | Brophy | 63 | Gowran |
| 16. | Nolan | 54 | Gowran |
| 17. | Dowling | 53 | Kilkenny City |
| 18. | Neale, Neill, O'Neil | 52 | Gowran |
| 19. | Lalor, Lawlor | 48 | Gowran |
| 20. | Donnell, O'Donnell | 46 | Gowran |
Further analysis of Co. Kilkenny from the 1659 census is presented in the following table:
| Surname | # of Families |
| Brin | 31 |
| Keefe | 30 |
| Kevenagh | 30 |
| Farrell | 29 |
| Fitzgerald | 29 |
| Barron | 28 |
| Quiddihy | 28 |
| Bolger | 26 |
| Healy | 25 |
| Prendergast | 24 |
| Hickey | 24 |
| Coghill | 23 |
| Conway | 22 |
| Cantwell | 22 |
| Cormuke | 22 |
| Bowe | 21 |
| Hayden | 21 |
| Blanchvill | 20 |
| Howling | 20 |
| Tobin | 20 |
| Fitzpatrick | 19 |
| Duing | 19 |
| McDonagh | 19 |
| Tenane | 18 |
| Cullen | 18 |
| Bryan | 17 |
| Hennessey | 17 |
| Fleming | 17 |
| Delahunty | 16 |
| Clony | 16 |
| Aildwood | 15 |
| Archer | 15 |
| Bane | 15 |
| Dullard | 15 |
| Gerald | 14 |
| White | 14 |
| Shorthale | 14 |
| Clere | 13 |
| Clery | 13 |
| Doyle | 13 |
| Keating | 12 |
| Horogan | 11 |
| McLoughlin | 11 |
| Fanning | 10 |
| Dobbin | 10 |
| Burke | 10 |
| Joue | 10 |
| Patrick | 10 |
| Gawle | 10 |
| McShane | 9 |
| Currin | 9 |
| Muldowney | 9 |
| Roch | 9 |
| McEdmund | 9 |
| Moore | 9 |
| Smyth | 9 |
| O'Dea | 8 |
| Dalton | 8 |
| Laules | 8 |
| Heban | 8 |
| Knock | 8 |
| Dreiling | 8 |
| Conckron | 8 |
| Mulrooney | 8 |
| McDavid | 7 |
| Denn | 7 |
| Milea | 7 |
| Lorkan | 7 |
| Morish | 7 |
| McTeige | 7 |
| McPhilips | 7 |
| Archdekin | 6 |
| Brodier | 6 |
| Cragh | 6 |
| Dowley | 6 |
| Kearny | 6 |
| Loghman | 6 |
| Costigan | 6 |
| Browne | 6 |
| Britt | 6 |
| Cook | 6 |
| Rely | 6 |
| Fitzdavid | 6 |
| Cnogher | 5 |
| Mullany | 5 |
| Dunphy | 5 |
| Roe | 5 |
| McWilliam | 5 |
| Kehoe | 5 |
| Connor | 5 |
| Wall | 5 |
| Glison | 5 |
| Rooth | 5 |
| Lanagan | 5 |
| Lenan | 4 |
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