A Timeline History of the Quebec Lower North Shore
This timeline
chronicles the
‘peopling’ of the Quebec Lower
North Shore.
It has been influenced by many events external to the region. This is
an
evolving document and readers are encouraged to e-mail (click
here / cliquez ici) corrections and additions to the list.
Early Maritime Archaic (ca. 8000-4500 years
ago)
The
earliest
evidence of prehistoric inhabitants of the Quebec
Lower North
Shore
and Labrador indicates that people arrived here
at least
by 8000 years ago, when the land was emerging from beneath the melting
Laurentide ice sheet. These early ancestors of today’s Innu (Indian)
peoples
lived along the coast and hunted seals and walrus, in addition to fish,
waterfowl, and a variety of land game, including caribou. The few
surviving
archaeological remains indicate they used triangular points and
lanceolate
spears or knives made of local quartz or quartzite, small round skin
scrapers
of the same types of material, and ground stone axes and gouges of
slate and
diorite. Burials dating to this period have been found beneath
stone-capped
mounds on the Labrador and Quebec
shores the Strait of Belle Isle at Blanc Sablon
and
L’Anse Amour. The L’Anse Amour mound contained the skeleton of a12-
year-old
boy buried in an unusual face-down position with a large rock on his
back,
accompanied by stone tools and a primitive harpoon. Evidence of Early
Maritime
Archaic culture has been found as far north as Nain, Labrador.
(Fitzhugh, W., 2003-2004)
Late Maritime Archaic (4500-3500 years ago)
Evidence
for
Late Maritime Archaic people is much more extensive along the Lower
North Shore,
with sites known from Petit Mecatina to Blanc Sablon. LMA people
continued to
utilize marine resources, and their tool kits included stemmed points
and
knives of flint and quartzite, stone fishing sinkers, and ground slate
adzes
and axes similar to finds from Newfoundland
and Labrador. Many of these tools are made of
Ramah
Chert, a distinctive translucent stone found only in northern Labrador.
Burials were placed in cemeteries rather than in mounds and were
accompanied by
deposits of red ocher “paint” and tools, many of which are found
ritually
broken or “killed” to release their spirits. LMA people spent summers
living in
multi-family longhouses on the outer coast. “Work at Petit Mecatina,
Gros
Mecatina and localities like Belles Amour are beginning to provide a
consistent
picture of a Lower North Shore late Maritime Archaic culture that
differs
consistently from that of Newfoundland and Labrador and maybe
provisionally
designated the Mecatina Complex,” according to Dr. William Fitzhugh,
who has
excavated several of LMA sites. (Fitzhugh, W., 2003-2004)
Groswater Culture Palaeo-Eskimos (2500-2000
years ago)
About
4000
years ago a culturally, linguistically, and probably racially-different
people
appeared in northern Labrador and spread as far
south as
Hopedale. These arctic-adapted people can be traced back through the
Canadian
arctic to Alaska and
ultimately
to Siberia. After more than 1000 years adapting
to
conditions in Labrador, their descendants
spread south,
arriving in Newfoundland
and Quebec
about 2500 years ago. The expansion of this early “Eskimo” culture was
probably
stimulated by the southward expansion of arctic sea ice during this
time of
global cooling. Evidence of Groswater Palaeo-Eskimos on the LNS is
known by
finds of colourful, tiny, finely-crafted harpoon points and notched
knives, ground
stone axes, large ‘eared’ skin scrapers, and small razor-like
microblades. Most
of these tools are made of chert (a flint-like stone) originating in
western Newfoundland.
Their small ‘tent houses’ have mid-passages and were heated and lit
with small
soapstone lamps fueled by sea mammal oil rather than by wood. Although
their
technology differed greatly from the historical Inuit, Groswater people
had a
very similar maritime-based way of life. (Fitzhugh 2003-2004)
Dorset Culture
(2000-1500
years ago)
Groswater
Palaeo-Eskimo culture disappeared from Labrador,
Newfoundland and Quebec
about 2000 years ago when a new Palaeo-Eskimo culture known as Dorset
migrated south from the Central Arctic. In Labrador,
Dorset culture replaced their Groswater
predecessors, but
in Newfoundland the new
arrivals
appear to have assimilated Groswater people, judging from the
continuation of
Groswater tools in Newfoundland Dorset sites. Dorset
people seem not to have penetrated the Quebec LNS further west than St.
Paul, perhaps because of Indian resistance. Dorset
culture introduced many innovations that are seen in Thule Eskimo and
later
Inuit cultures, such as soapstone cooking pots, hand-drawn sleds with
whalebone
runners, and insulated earth-covered winter dwellings. Dorset
culture disappeared from Newfoundland
about 1500 years ago, but continued on in northern Labrador
until the arrival of the ancestors of the modern Inuit, about A.D.
1300.
(Fitzhugh, 2003-2004)
Intermediate Indian Period (3500-2000 years ago)
During
the
period when the eastern LNS was occupied by Groswater Palaeo-Eskimos, a
succession of post-Maritime Archaic Indian cultures continued to occupy
the
inner reaches of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and interior Quebec-Labrador.
However, following the disappearance of the Maritime Archaic tradition
after
3500 years ago, Indian groups with western origins spread east along
the coast,
and eventually replaced Groswater Palaeo-Eskimos on the LNS ca. 2500
years ago
and Dorset peoples in Newfoundland
and Labrador after 1500 years ago.
These
new
Indian cultures are not as well-known on the LNS as in Newfoundland
and Labrador, but they appear to have made less
use of
marine resources than earlier Indian or Palaeo-Eskimo peoples. Their
sites are
found on interior lakes and near the river-mouth on the coast,
suggesting a
dual adaptation to the interior and coastal like that of the historic
Innu.
Stemmed points and ground slate are replaced by notched points,
leaf-shaped
knives, large end-scrapers, and sometimes large caches of chipped
preform
blades – like the Stubbert cache from Kegaska – are found, made of
Ramah chert
or other exotic materials from the Upper North shore. These cache
blades and
occasional finds of copper implements or ornaments from the Great
Lakes or Nova Scotia
indicate growing involvement in long-distance trade and contacts.
Although many
sites of this period are known on the LNS, especially in villages at
river-mouth locations, few have been excavated and many have been
damaged by
construction or unscientific excavation. (Fitzhugh, 2003-2004)
Late Indian Period (Innu culture) (2000 years
ago to
present)
Before
the
coming of the Europeans the ancestors of the Innu inhabited the Labrador
Peninsula including portions of the Quebec
Lower North
Shore.
They called their territory Nitassinan, “our land” as they still do
today.
During this period there is widespread evidence of cultural contacts,
trade,
and movement between the LNS, northern Quebec,
Labrador, and Newfoundland,
as shown by similarities in pottery, chipped stone tools, trade in
exotic stone
materials, dwelling forms, and art suggest that Innu groups living on
the LNS
shared a single culture with groups known from northern. Archeological
excavations support the contention that the Innu are the descendants of
almost
2000 years of uninterrupted Algonkian presence in the Quebec
North Shore
and Labrador. (Fitzhugh, 2003-2004)
Thule
and Inuit Cultures (A.D. 1500 to present)
One
of the
mysteries of LNS history is the question of Inuit settlement history
and contacts.
The prehistoric Thule Eskimo ancestors of today’s Inuit arrived in Northern
Labrador about 700 years ago. Thule
people were highly specialized arctic marine mammal hunters who hunted
large
whales, had rapid dogsled transport, and large skin boats. They rapidly
replaced or assimilated Labrador Dorset peoples in northern Labrador
and by A.D. 1600, aided by the Little Ice Age and expansion of the
arctic pack
ice, spread south to Hamilton Inlet and
Cartwright. From
there, enticed by raiding and trading prospects with Europeans, they
made
forays into the Straits, to Newfoundland,
and as far west as St. Paul River.
The
presence
of Inuit people, place-names, oral history, and culture (dog sleds,
fish
spears, oil lamps, etc.), have been part of the LNS tradition for at
least
three hundred years. How this happened has never been determined. It
has often
been supposed that Inuit settled at least the eastern part of the LNS.
So far,
however, archaeological surveys have produced no evidence of Thule
Eskimo settlements
in the form of tent rings or winter sod houses.
On
the other
hand, recent archaeological work shows that Inuit people do seem to
have been
present on the LNS, even though they may no longer have been living in
traditional native dwellings. Excavations at a 17th century Basque
fishing and
trading site at Petit Mecatina contain Inuit soap stone lamp and vessel
fragments, and Inuit-style stone animal traps and a probable Inuit
grave have
been found at Jacques Cartier Bay near St. Augustine. These finds
suggest that
Inuit people were living with or were employed by early European
visitors and
settlers along this coast and that by this means Inuit traditions
became part
of LNS history. (Fitzhugh, 2003-2004)
Prior
to
present day, habitation on the Quebec
Lower North
Shore
was by aboriginal Innu and Inuit. The two Innu peoples known for their
established pattern of land and resource use were the Montagnais and
Nascopie.
The Innu and Inuit were kept apart not by recognized boundaries but
rather by
their cultural differences. Their paths did cross because they both
relied on
the caribou and again when the Innu moved to the Coast to hunt and
gather food (click here / cliquez ici)
.
Viking Vinland
Voyages
(ca. A.D. 1000)
The
Vikings
were the first Europeans known to have visited parts of what we know
today as
the province of Newfoundland
and Labrador. Having established a base camp at
L’Anse
aux Meadows on the Strait of Belle Isle it is
almost
certain that Vikings explored the Quebec
North Shore
since the Vinland sagas indicate contacts in
the
southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. So far,
according to Dr.
Fitzhugh, no Viking sites have been found nor evidence of their
presence known
from Native contact sites along the Quebec
Lower North
Shore.
In
the Globe
and Mail of 20 May 2000,
Dr. William Fitzhugh was quoted: “… the Viking period was a kind of
hinge in
European history…” It was a time from which we went from early history
and
classical civilization into what we know as modern Europe
and a modern world where people rapidly explored new frontiers and
looked for
new resources and connections. (Fitzhugh, 2003-2004)
Basque (A.D. 1530-1750)
The
Basque may
have sailed the Labrador coast as early as the
15th
century and possibly had people working in the whale industry before Columbus
or Cabot crossed the Atlantic. From archival
records we
know they were whaling at Red
Bay,
Labrador as early as 1530.
Their
relationship with the Innu was amicable. Witnesses of the time refer to
them
trading with the Innu at Brest
(Old
Fort) and Grand Bay.
A Basque historian referred to the Innu as mountaineers (Montagnais).
They
often helped prepare the fish on shore in exchange for a little
biscuit, bread
and cider.
In
contrast, the
Inuit encountered at the same time along the coast were described as
hostile,
“stalking the fishermen and attacking with bows and arrows such spots
as were
left undefended”. From Chateaux
Bay
to Red Bay
and Schooner Cove to Hare Harbour
the Basque path can be traced by the red tiles they left behind.
Discovery
of
two new Basque sites at Mecatina and Harve Boulet dating to the 17th
or early 18th century provide opportunities for new studies
of this
early European group who were the first Europeans to exploit North
America for the whale oil market. The Mecatina site appears
to be
particularly important as its occupation date is nearly a century later
than
other Basque sites, appears to have had fishing and trading rather than
a
whaling economy, and appears to have included Inuit laborers. Click here / cliquez ici
for the
web site that details the work of the Project.
(Fitzhugh,
2003-2004)
This
Coast was
widely known to Basque, Breton and Saxon fishermen and whalers who came
out
each year to fish and hunt whales. (Browne, 1909)
1497
Giovanni
Caboto (John Cabot) claims Cape Breton Island
(or Newfoundland)
for England.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1500
Gaspar
Corte
Real, under the flag of the King of Portugal, gives the territory the
name of
Terra Corterealis. This new country has an immense river nine hundred
miles
long, eight hundred of which are navigable and which is called
"Caneda" (sic). The country’s capital is Brest.
(Morrison, 1978; Browne, 1909)
1534
Jacques
Cartier explores the Gulf of St. Lawrence (click
here / cliquez ici). He is known to have landed at various spots: 9
June
1534 at Baie des Chateaux; 10 June 1534 he enters the Harbour of Brest
(today
called Old Fort); 11 June celebrated Mass, the first recorded act of
public
worship in the New World; 12 June, erects the first cross in our
country, at
Baie des Rochers. Cartier’s arrival would lead to the beginning of
colonization
of the New World by Europeans. (Dionne, 1988)
1541
Cartier
and
Sieur de Roberval founded a settlement on St. Lawrence River,
but it fails. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Sieur
de
Roberval exiled his neice Marguerite de la Roche of France
on the Lower North
Shore. Local legend
demonstrates
she was stranded on Harrington
Island,
the Island that Cartier named St. Marthe’s. (click here / cliquezici)
Marguerite
would survive three summers and two winters, see the deaths of her baby
(a
significant historical point in the attempted colonization of the New
World), her lover and her old Saxon nurse. She was later
rescued
by French fishermen and returned to tell her story in her native France
(Morrison, 1978; Boyer, 1983). (click here / cliquez ici - Site
1; Site
2)
1549
In
May 1549,
Capt. Andres de Armendia gave written authority to a cooper Joan de
Aguirre to
sell pinnaces (light sailing ships) left in what he called, ‘el Rio de
Blanc
Samon ques en Tierra Neuba’ at the end of 1548 season. This is the
earliest
mention in a Spanish Basque document of a Canadian place name.”
(Abbott,
Benson, 1996)
1583
Sir
Humphrey
Gilbert, brother-in-law of Sir Walter Raleigh, sails for Newfoundland
from England.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1588
English
fishing fleet delays sailing to Newfoundland
to participate in the defeat of Spanish Armada. (Canadian World
Almanac, 1989)
1598
The
Marquis de
la Roche (not to be confused with Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur
de
Roberval) lands 40 convicts on Sable
Island. (Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
1603
Sieur
de Monts
obtains charter to all the land lying between 40th-46th degree north
latitude.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1605
Port
Royal, the first permanent French settlement in North
America, founded. (Dickinson,
1993)
1608
Quebec
(the city) founded by Samuel de Champlain. (Dickinson,
1993)
1610
Etienne
Brule
lives among Huron and is first European to see Great Lakes.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1613
Port
Royal sacked by Samuel Argall and his pirates from Virginia.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1621
James
I of England
grants Acadia to Sir William Alexander who
renames it
New Scotland (Nova Scotia).
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1623
By
this time,
European goods had made life easier for the Innu. At Tadoussac and Quebec
the Innu living near the French fur trading posts were using copper
kettles and
iron axes and wearing European style garments. (Romkey, 2003)
1627
The
French
created a system of land grants known as seigneuries in an attempt to
promote
colonization. French merchants, bureaucrats and military men called
seigneurs
were awarded large tracts of land for life and could pass on to heirs.
(Charest, 1970)
Company
of One
Hundred Associates is founded to establish a French Empire in North
America. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1629
Quebec
(the city) captured by an English fleet led by David Kirke; he also
captured Port Royal the year before. (Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1631
Charles
de la
Tour builds Fort La Tour (a.k.a. Fort Saint Marie) at the mouth of the Saint
John River. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1632
British
lose
control of Acadia due to the Treaty of
Saint-Germain-en-Laye. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Isaac
de
Razilly sails from France
with 300 people hoping to establish a permanent French settlement in Acadia.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1636
French
crown
grants Gulf of Maine
and Bay of Fundy to d'Aulnay; La Tour gets Nova
Scotia Peninsula.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1639
Smallpox
epidemic decimates Huron people; population reduced by 50%. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
1640
Île
des
Esquimaux, opposite today’s St. Paul’s
River, is the location of a great battle between the Innu and Inuit;
more then
a thousand Inuit were slain. It isn’t until 1757 at Battle
Harbour on the Labrador
Coast that the Inuit are
defeated
by the Innu (Montagnais). (Jackson, 1990; Dionne 1988)
1642
Montreal
is founded. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1649
Attacks
by the
Iroquois disperse the Huron; disrupts fur trade over the next fifteen
years.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1652
Massachusetts
General Court licenses traders going from Massachusetts
to Acadia. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1660
English
Navigation Act prohibits foreigners from trading with English colonies.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1661
Francois
Bissot a Norman immigrant who arrived in Canada
some time prior to 1647 was granted Isle
aux Eufs and rights to trade
hunt
and fish the whole of the North
Shore
of the St. Lawrence River to Sept-Iles and in
the “Grand
Anse, toward the country of the Eskimo where the Spaniards usually come
to
fish.” This was the Seigneury of Mingan. Bissot’s daughter Clair
Francoise
married Louis Jolliet. (Charest,
1970: Dionne, 1988)
1663
Louis
XIV
assumes personal control of New France.
(Canadian World
Almanac, 1989)
1667
France,
England
and the
Netherlands
sign
the Breda Treaty in July and, with this, England
gives Acadia to France.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
First
census
of New France records 668 families, totaling
3,215
non-native inhabitants. (Dickinson,
1993)
1670
Hudson's
Bay Company is formed and granted trade rights over all territory
draining into
Hudson's Bay. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
1676
West
Country
merchants attempt to enforce restrictions on settlement in Newfoundland.
(Prowse, 1895; Major, 2001)
1676-1694
Louis
Jolliett
formed a company to conduct fur trade on the North
Shore he explored the St.
Lawrence
and became one of the seigneurs of Mingan. He traded as far north as
Lac
Naskapis, the present day Ashuanipi. As a reward for his discovery of
the Mississippi
he was granted the island of
Anticosti
as a seigneury. Throughout the year 1684, Jolliett traveled north to 56
deg.
Latitude and returned to Quebec
with the most complete and detailed maps of the coast to date. His
journals
were filled with detailed descriptions of the land and its people,
including
complete and precise descriptions of the Inuit. In 1685, a map of the St.
Lawrence River and Gulf drawn by Jolliet himself was
dispatched to
the Ministry of the Colonies. A harbour, Harbour Jolliett, just west of
Chevery
bears his name and according to local folk lore he is said to have
drowned
there. History does not record how he died and little is known about
the last 5
years of his life aside from the fact that he was appointed Professor
of
Hydrographic Studies at the Seminaire. He died in 1700. (Abbott,
Benson, 1996)
1680
With
the cease
of the Basque whale fishery in the early 17th century,
French
fishermen and sealers took up settlements at the abandoned Basque shore
stations and new locations along the Coast. The French government
encouraged
settlement by giving merchants "concessions". These concessions were
exclusive license to fish and trade. Sieur Augustus de Courtemanche is
given
the concession from Kegaska to Hamilton Inlet
on the Labrador.
Courtemanche developed his concession into a thriving town at Baie
Phelepeaux,
now known as Bradore. (Budgel, 1987)
1682
French
explorer La Salle reaches the mouth of the Mississippi.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1686
King
James II
and Louis XIV sign neutrality pact handing forts of St.
John and Port Royal back
to the
French. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1690
Sir
William
Phips captures almost all of the French possessions in Acadia.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1697
Treaty
of Ryswick
restores the status quo between France
and England;
Acadia
is returned to the French. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1700
Population
of Acadia
is 1,400. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1701
War
of the
Spanish Succession begins in Europe and spreads
to North America (Queen Anne War) in 1702.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1702
Augustin
Le
Gardeur de Courtmanche established fishing and trading concession in
southern Labrador
stretching from Kegaska the Lower
North Shore
of the St. Lawrence to Hamilton Inlet. He built
Fort Pontchartrain
at Brador, where he employed about thirty Innu families. In 1697
Courtemanche
had married the widow of Pierre Gratien Martel de Brouague. She was the
granddaughter of old Francois Bissot and therefore family ties drew
Courtemanche east along the St. Lawrence as they had done Jolliet.
(Budgel,
1987)
1704
French
forces
destroy the English settlement at Bonavista,
Newfoundland.
(Prowse, 1895; Major, 2001)
1707
Port
Royal is attacked twice by the English from Massachusetts.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1710
The
English
take Port Royal and name it Annapolis
Royal.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1713
Treaty
of Utrecht
cedes French Acadia, Newfoundland,
Hudson Bay and the "country of the Iroquois"
to England.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1717
Courtemanche
died and his place of commandant of the Coast was taken by son in-law
Francois
Martel de Brouague, who held the post until the British conquest in
1759-60. (Jackson,
1990)
1719
Construction
of Louisbourg Fortress by the French begins on Ile Royale (Cape
Breton Island). (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1720
Lord
Baltimore
sponsors expedition to bring settlers to Newfoundland.
(Prowse, 1895; Major, 2001)
1721
800
Acadians
take oath of allegiance to the French. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1744
France
declares war on England
(March 15). (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1745
Louisbourg
surrenders to English after six-week siege (June 17). (Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
1748
Treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle
returns Ile Royale (Cape Breton)
and Ile Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island)
to French. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1749
Halifax
is founded by British to counter French presence at Louisbourg.
(Canadian World
Almanac, 1989)
1754
French
and
Indian War begins in North America; becomes
Seven Years
War when fighting spreads to Europe (1756).
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1755
Expulsion
of
the Acadians begins. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1758
Louisbourg
captured again by the British (July 27). (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1759
British
troops
under Wolfe defeat French forces under Montcalm at Quebec;
both generals are killed; Quebec
falls. (Dickinson, 1993)
Proclamation
issued by Governor of Nova Scotia invites New Englanders to settle
there.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1760
Louisbourg
Fortress demolished by the British. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Immediately
after the French / English conquest, all French enterprises on the Lower
North Shore
passed into the hands of English merchants. (Charest, 1970: Dionne,
1988)
The
Labrador
Company (Adam Lymburner) becomes the exclusive owner of fishing and
hunting
rights of the North Shore.
(Charest, 1970: Dionne, 1988)
1763
Treaty
of Paris
gives Canada
(New France and Acadia)
to England.
Years of war between Britain
and France
ended with the Seven Years War and the 1763 Paris Treaty. This Treaty
made Labrador
a British territory. French merchants lost their concessions and
British
merchants began establishing new fishing posts and trading stations.
This is a
significant point to the North
Shore
because when the St. Pierre Islands
were ceded back to France,
the English loyalists were expelled and lost their property and lands.
These
are some of the same people that would later settle the Lower
North Shore.
(Charest, 1970: Dionne, 1988)
1767
Order
given on
board H.M. Frigate "Merlin" in Brador
Harbour, 18 September by
JNO.
Hamilton (Lieut. Gov. of Newfoundlan) and sent to Capt'n Goodfellow and
M.
Louttit at the post of "Mikattina" (sic.) (Gros Mecantina) regarding
disputes over seal fishing rights at Fort St. Augustine and Baie-de
Shecatica
(Schicattakawica), reinforced VF (Gros Mecatina (post) on lower St.
Lawrence,
near Belle Isle, Labrador Coast). Gros Macatina and Baie-de-Shecatica
were
French posts established in early 1700's (Labrador
(fur
trade letter), 1767)
1769
Prince
Edward Island becomes a separate colony.
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1774
Quebec
Act
guarantees religious freedom for Roman Catholic colonists. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
1776
American
Revolution begins. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Quebec
withstands American siege. (Dickinson,
1993)
1783
Treaty
of Versailles
gives Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland,
but not to dry or cure fish on land. (Prowse, 1895; Major, 2001)
1784
United
Empire
Loyalists arrive in Canada;
New Brunswick becomes a
separate
colony to accommodate them. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1786
New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
and Newfoundland
allowed to import goods from the United
States.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Not
withstanding the restrictions of the Labrador Company, some Jerseymen
establish
in the region of Blanc Sablon. (Jackson, 1990; Dionne, 1988)
1791
Constitutional
Act divides Quebec into
Upper and
Lower Canada. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1794
Jay
Treaty
allows U.S.
vessels into British ports of the West Indies;
British
agree to evacuate Ohio Valley
forts. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1799
American
competition for West Indies trade kills Liverpool,
Nova Scotia's merchant fleet. It was
this
event that led to the settlement of Bradore by Captain William Randall
Jones.
(Perkins Journal, Radell, 1798)
Mary
Anne Vane
shipwrecked at Belles Amour. She subsequently married Louis Chevalier
of St. Paul’s River. Their
three offspring are the ancestors
of the Chevalier, Jones and Robertson lineage on the Lower
North Shore.
(Huard, 1897; Grenfell, 1910)
1800
Spain
cedes Louisiana back to France.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1804
Fourteen
hundred American ships are fishing off Labrador
and in
the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Jackson, 1990;
Dionne, 1988)
1809
Napoleon's
continental blockade cuts British access to Scandinavian timber.
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1812
War
of 1812
declared, allowing Maritime colonies to profit from illegal trade.
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
Red
River settlement founded by Hudson's
Bay Company. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1813
Amerindian
Chief Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of Moraviantown. (Canadian World
Almanac, 1989)
1814
Treaty
of Ghent
ends War of 1812; no territorial gains on either side. (Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
1817
Famine
in Newfoundland
due to poor postwar economy. (Prowse, 1895; Major, 2001)
Nova
Scotia population estimated at 78,345.
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1818
49th
parallel
becomes British North America / U.S.
border from Lake of the Woods to Rocky
Mountains. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1820
Bankruptcy
of
the New Labrador Company, a Company that had benefited and monopolized
trade on
the Labrador by its owners, Lymburner Bros.
Their
leaving paved the way for new settler-entrepreneurs like Robertson of
La
Tabatiere, Kennedy of St. Augustine and Jones of Bradore. (Jackson,
1990;
Dionne, 1988)
1821
Hudson's
Bay Company merges with arch rivals, the Montreal-based North West
Company.
Merchants from Quebec
and Halifax
start trading with the residents of the Lower
North Shore.
This is done seasonally by schooner. The most famous of these traders
was
Captain Narcisse Blais. Navigation companies such as Clarke Steamships
followed
in their wake. (Dionne, 1988)
1825
Opening
of Erie Canal gives New
York
competitive edge over Montreal.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1829
Opening
of Lachine Canal
restores level playing field
for Montreal. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
1831
Lord
Alymer
visits the Lower North
Shore with a view to
colonization
(Coasters, 1999). (Abbott, Benson, 1996)
1833
Royal
William,
formerly operating between Quebec
& Halifax, becomes
first
steamship to cross Atlantic. (Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
Naturalist/Artist
John James Audubon sails along the Lower
North Shore
and the Coast of Labrador in the schooner
Ripley. He
recorded his observations of flora and fauna as well as his visits with
the
local inhabitants such as Samuel Robertson at Sparr Point (near La
Tabatiere)
in his journal. (Abbott, Benson, 1996)
1837
Two
separate
rebellions, one in Upper and one in Lower Canada,
fail
to dislodge entrenched elites. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1839
Lord
Durham's
Report recommends union of Upper and Lower Canada,
and
responsible government. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1840
The
Rev’d.
Edward Cusack. Anglican Missionary at Gaspe,
Quebec
made one trip down the Coast in the summer. Going as far as East St.
Modest, Labrador.
He had heard about the people living there, and the fact that there
were no
clergy, from the Gaspe
whalers who
plied their trade along the coasts of the Canadian Labrador (Lower
North Shore)
and Labrador. He accompanied Mr. Samuel Tripp
on his
whaling expedition in the summer of 1840 and ministered to the people
on the
Coast. In the Gaspe Church
registers for that year one finds a number of baptisms recorded of
people
living on the coast. It was not until about twenty-years later that an
Anglican
Missionary took up permanent residence on the Canadian Labrador. (Rev.
C.
Patterson)
1840
In
a copy of a
ledger of Bird, we find James Buckle, Bonne Esperance; John Buckle,
Belles
Amour; Richard Buckle, Bradore; William Buckle, Buckle's Point,
Forteau; and
Thomas Buckle, Capstan Island.
This shows the distribution of the Buckle family along the Labrador
and Canadian Labrador, which today is known has the Quebec
Lower North
Shore
or La Basse Cote Nord. (MUN Newfoundland Room)
1841
Act
of Union
unites Upper and Lower Canada. (Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
1842
New
Brunswick / Maine
boundary settled by Webster-Ashburton Treaty. (Canadian World Almanac,
1989)
The
peopling
of the Lower North
Shore has gathered speed
with the
arrival of many fishermen from Berthier and Montmagny. (Abbott, Benson,
1996)
1845
Halifax
native, Samuel Cunard, chooses Boston
as the western terminus for his steamships. (Canadian World Almanac,
1989)
1846
British
Prime
Minister, Robert Peel, announces Free Trade, ending old Colonial
mercantile
trade system. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1848
Responsible
government
established in Nova Scotia
and Canada.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1854
Reciprocity
(free trade) begins between British North America
and
the United States.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1855
First
census
(unofficial) of the Quebec Lower
North Shore
by L’Abbe Alexis Belanger. There were no families recorded for Harrington
Harbour. The following
French
families were recorded: at Petit-Mécatina - Nazaire Mercier et son
épouse,
trois enfants, Pierre Thibauit, son épouse et six enfants, Flavien
Boulanger,
son épouse et un enfant, André Galibois, son épouse et cinq enfants et
un
engage, Louis Coulombe, son épouse et cinq enfants, Joseph Bussière,
Pierre
Prévereau, son épouse et 2 enfants; at Natagamiou - Thomas
Collard, son êpouse et 4 enfants, F.X. Bilodeau, son épouse et un
enfant.
(Belanger, 1855)
William
Whiteley sets up fishing premises at Bonne Esperance. (Whiteley, 1977)
1856
Mr.
Charles C.
Carpenter, a student of the Kimball
Union Academy,
Meriden, N.H.,
made a trip to Labrador
in a Newburyport fishing
schooner,
on account of his health. (Rev. C. Patterson)
1857
Queen
Victoria
names Ottawa as Canada's
capital. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1858
C.
C
Carpenter establishes a Mission
and
School at Caribou Island.
(Abbott, Benson, 1996)
1860
Mansbridge
and
Griffin families living at Mutton Bay, according to St. Clement’s
Parish
Records; they were not there according to Belanger census of 1855 (see
above).
1861
American
Civil
War begins. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
The
Rev’d.
John Petner Richmond went to the Coast. (Rev. C. Patterson)
1862
The
Rev’d.
Frederick John Cooksley went to the Coast. (See "Memorial Sketch of
Frederick John Cooksley, Late Missionary of Labrador and Canada",
with extracts from his diary, edited and arranged by his father, the
Rev. W.G.
Cooksley, M.A., Incumbent of St. Peter’s, Hammersmith, Published
London, 1867.
When the Bishop of Quebec died his last words were concerning Cooksley
on the Labrador.)
(Rev. C. Patterson)
1863
Chapel
established
at St. Augustine’s River
until
1865. (Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner,1995)
1864
Quebec
Conference sets out the terms of union for British North American
colonies.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
The
Rev’d. J.
Wainwright was a Missionary on the Coast. It is possible that
Wainwright was on
the Coast in 1860 prior to J.P. Richmond, however, more research is
needed to
establish that fact. (Rev. C. Patterson)
1867
Confederation
of Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario
forms the Dominion of Canada. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Sir
John A.
Macdonald becomes Canada's
first prime minister. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1869
Hudson's
Bay Company surrenders territorial rights to Rupert's Land to the
Crown.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1869
Newfoundlanders
reject Confederation in general election. (Prowse, 1895; Major, 2001)
1870
Louis
Riel
leads Metis resistance to Canadian authority; province of Manitoba
created. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
The
Rev’d.
James Hepburn is on the Coast. (Rev. C. Patterson)
Influx
of
Newfoundlanders seeking better fishing grounds leads to increased
population
and settlement of Kegaska, Harrington Harbour, Tete-a-la-Baleine,
Mutton Bay,
La Tabatiere, St. Augustine, Old Fort Bay, St. Paul’s River, Middle
Bay,
Bradore and Blanc Sablon (click here /
cliquez
ici for details). First four families at Harrington
Harbour are John Chislett,
Tommy
MacDonald with adopted adult son Edward Ransom, John B. Cox and Benny
Simms all
from West Point, La Poile Bay, Newfoundland.
(Abbott,
Benson, 1996)
This
group of
settlers brought with them many traditions including the following:
Mummering
(click here / cliquez ici for
details)
Weddings (click here / cliquez ici
for details)
Entertainment
(click here / cliquez ici for
details)
1871
Treaty
of Washington
grants fishing rights on Grand Banks to United
States. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
British
Columbia joins Confederation. (Canadian World
Almanac, 1989)
William
Whiteley invented the codtrap, an innovation that would revolutionize
the
fishing industry for years to come. (Whiteley, 1977)
1872
The
Rev’d. F.
B. J. Allnatt established Mutton
Bay
as the Church of England headquarters. (Rev. C. Patterson; Reiner, 1995)
William
Bobbitt and his family arrived from Burgeo,
Newfoundland
and settled in Harrington Harbour.
Thomas
Bobbitt
(brother to William) and his family arrived from Rose Blanche, Newfoundland
and settled in Mutton Bay.
(Abbott, Benson, 1996)
1873
Global
economic depression begins. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1873
Anglican
Chapel moved to Schooner Bay
and named St. Clement’s. (Rev. C. Patterson)
1874
The
Rev’d.
James Hepburn is on the Coast again. (Rev. C. Patterson)
Essex
wrecked at Wolf Bay.
Captain with wife and crew rescued and winters with Gilbert Jones and
family
until they can be taken by dog team to Harve St. Pierre. (Sinclair,
1873)
1876
Intercolonial
Railway linking central Canada
and the Maritime provinces
is
completed. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1878
First
year-around mail service commences on the Coast, using snow-shoe dog
team and
boat; Joseph Hebert was the first mail Courier. (Abbott, Benson, 1996;
Dionne,
1988) Many others followed this occupation (click here / cliquez ici).
1880
Beginning
of
period when some French families of the Lower
North Shore
sent their children to school at Harve-Saint-Pierre. (Dionne, 1988)
1881
H.
Y. Hind in
his book, Explorations in the interior of the Labrador
Peninsula
mentions the finding of a rock tomb near the little port
of Bradore, with the
inscription
upon it which is given in the poem (click
here / cliquez ici). (Hind,
1863)
1892
Arrival
of Dr.
Grenfell to the coast of Labrador bringing the
first medical
care ever seen by the settlers and seasonal fishermen and their
families. Click
here / cliquez ici for details on his service to the Coast.
(Abbott,
Benson,
1996; Dionne, 1988)
1895
St.
Clement’s
Church, Mutton Bay
built and consecrated in 1896; it was replaced in 1932. (Rev. C.
Patterson;
Reisner, 1995)
1896
Anglican
Christ Church
built in Harrington Harbour
(Coasters, 1999); consecrated in 1898. (Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner,
1995)
1899
Boer
War
begins; the first Canadian troops to serve overseas are sent to South
Africa; Gilbert Jones son of Gilbert
and
Louisa (nee Butt) of Wolf Bay
was a sniper in that war. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Fox
Bay uprising on the Island
of Anticosti. Several
present day Lower North
Shore
families were involved, namely Stubbert and Osborne (click here /
cliquez ici).
1900
Federal
immigration policy entices Eastern Europeans to Canadian West.
(Canadian World
Almanac, 1989)
1901
Marconi
receives the first transatlantic radio message at St.
John's, Newfoundland.
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1903
Anglican
St
Augustine's Church consecrated in St Augustine.
(Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner, 1995)
Anglican
St
Paul's Church consecrated in St Paul's
River. (Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner, 1995)
1905
Provinces
of Saskatchewan
and Alberta are formed
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1906
Dr.
Wilfred
Grenfell visits the Lower North
Shore and establishes a
medical
mission at Harrington Harbour.
(Among The Deep Sea
Fishers)
1907
First
hospital
built at Harrington Harbour
by the Grenfell Mission.
Full
time
medical care brought by Nova Scotian, Dr. Mather Hare. Click here / cliquez ici for pictures of
Dr. Hare.
(Among The Deep Sea
Fishers)
Dr.
Alfreda
Withington volunteer physician and the first female doctor to serve
with Dr.
Grenfell spent the summer in Blanc Sablon before moving on to Indian
Harbour,
Labrador. (Withington, 1941)
Traditional
health care was a key component of the Grenfell philosophy and was
reflected in
the long list of midwives along the Coast (click here / cliquez ici
details).
In
addition to
medical care, Grenfell believed in imparting social and occupational
skills, as
witnessed by his industrial initiatives (click here / cliquez ici
details).
1910
Federal
government decides to establish the Royal Canadian Navy. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
1911
Liberal
government of Wilfred Laurier loses Reciprocity election; Robert Borden
becomes
Prime Minister. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1912
S.S.Titanic
sinks off Newfoundland;
recovered
bodies are buried in Halifax
cemetery. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1913
Canadian
economy goes into a slump. (Francis and Smith, 1986; Lower, 1977;
Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1914
Canada
automatically enters First World War when Britain
declares war on Germany
(August 4). (Francis and Smith, 1986; Lower, 1977; Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
First
telegraph service set up on the Lower
North Shore
as far east as Blanc Sablon. Charlotte Bobbitt-Jones (1870-1950) was
the first telegraph operator in the
Harrington
Archipelago, ; the telegraph office
was
located at Mainland, several miles northwest of Hospital
Island. (Dionne, 1988)
A
sudden
November hurricane in the region of Harrington Harbour catches many
hunters at
sea and a valiant row for home terminates in the lost of three lives
(click
here / cliquez ici). Lost that day were Albert Ransom, Enos Cox and
James
Herritt. (Hare, Presbyterian Witness, 1914)
1915
“Storm
Warning
Signal” along the Lower North
Shore set up in Harrington
Harbour (click here /
cliquez ici).
(Ransom)
1917
French
munitions ship Mont Blanc catches fire and
explodes in Halifax Harbor
on December 6th; 2,000
killed. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Canadians
capture Vimy Ridge after British and French attempts fail. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
Income
tax is
introduced by the federal government as a "temporary wartime
measure". (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1918
Under
the War
Measures Act, manufacture & sale of intoxicating beverages is
prohibited in
Canada.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1920
Clarke
Steamship began its’ long shipping history to the Lower North Shore
with ships
the New Northland, the S. S. North Star, S. S. North Shore, S. S. Sable
Isle
and North Pioneer that became the lifeline of the Coast. (Abbott,
Benson,
1996; Dionne, 1988)
1923
Canada
deals directly with U.S.
without British participation in signing Halibut Treaty. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
1925
Delegation
of
Maritime businessmen and politicians travels to Ottawa
to lobby for Maritime Rights. (Francis and Smith, 1986; Lower, 1977;
Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1926
Old
age
pension instituted by federal government. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Doctor
Donald
Gordon Hodd arrives to take up residence as chief medical officer at
the Grenfell Mission
Hospital
at Harrington. Click here / cliquez ici
for details on Dr. Hodd.
(Among The Deep Sea
Fishers)
The
commencement of the winter sports day called "The Races" at Harrington
Harbour. (Coasters, 1999)
1927
The
Lower North
Shore
population of English origin receives its first teachers trained at the
Universities of Bishop and McGill. (Dionne, 1988). The Coast had a long
list of
teachers, both formally and informally trained (click here / cliquez
ici).
1928
The
first
non-stop east to west Trans Atlantic flight crash-lands at Greenly
Island near
Blanc Sablon, Quebec. Click here
/ cliquez ici for details of this flight. (Canadian World Almanac,
1989;
Antonio Cormier, 2000)
1929
New
York Stock
Market crash. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1931
Statute
of Westminster
grants Canada
full autonomy from Britain.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
William
Anderson receives government assistance to work the first ever
experimental
farm on the Lower North
Shore, at Cross
River. Click here / cliquez ici for
more details on the farm. (Anderson,
1980)
1932
Second
Anglican St Clement's Church consecrated at Mutton
Bay. (Rev. C. Patterson;
Reisner,
1995)
1933
Newfoundland
Assembly votes to suspend self-government; British appoint "Commission
of
Government". (Prowse, 1895; Major, 2001)
1939
Canada
enters World War II after remaining neutral for 1 week; pro-war party
in Quebec
wins provincial election. Many persons from the Lower
North Shore
left the Coast to support
the war effort. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1942
Construction
boom due to American and Canadian military bases eliminates
unemployment in Newfoundland.
(Major, 2001)
1945
George
Whiteley sold Bonne Esperance fishing premises to the Standard Fish
Company of Montreal.
(Whiteley, 1977)
1949
Newfoundland
becomes Canada's
tenth province on 31 March. (Powse, 1895; Major, 2001)
Dispensaries
with resident nurses are set up in all the villages of the Lower
North Shore.
The first of it’s kind was set up in Mutton
Bay in the 1930s by the
Grenfell
Mission. (Dionne, 1988)
A
new hospital
opened in Harrington Harbour
to replace the structure built in 1907. (Among the Deep
Sea
Fishers)
1950
Opening
of the
first hospital at Lourdes de Blanc Sablon. (Dionne, 1988)
1951
Mid-century
census records Canada's
population as 14 million. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1952
First
television stations in Canada
begin broadcasting in Montreal
and Toronto;
Television did not arrive on the Coast until mid-1970s.
Second
Anglican Christ
Church
consecrated in Harrington Harbour.
(Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner,
1995)
1955
Second
Anglican St Augustine's Church consecrated in St
Augustine.
(Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner, 1995)
1955
Foundation
of
the first Desjardins Credit Union at Lourdes de Blanc Sablon. (Dionne,
1988)
1956
Foundation
of
the first Credit Union at Whale Head. (Dionne, 1988)
1957
The
arrival of
two large boats of the Gaspesienne type signals of the so called
improvements
in the fishing methods on the Lower
North Shore.
(Dionne, 1988)
St.
Lawrence Seaway opens. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Anglican
St
Pillip's Church in Kegaska consecrated. (Rev. C. Patterson;
Reisner,
1995)
1960
"Quiet
Revolution" begins in Quebec.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Livyers
from Harrington Harbour
and the surroundings
islands move to Chevery to create a new community. (Ransom, 1985)
The
arrival to
the Lower North
Shore of a new and
revolutionary
means of work and travel - the snowmobile. (Dionne, 1988)
Arrival
on the
Coast of Anglican Minister, Rev. Robert A. Bryan, and the establishment
of an
aerial ministry on the Lower
North Shore,
which continues to this
day(click here / cliquez ici).
He established the Quebec Labrador Mission Foundation
(later, the
Quebec Labrador Foundation or QLF) to bring social, environmental and
educational change to the area.
1961
Through
the
intervention of the Economic Council, a helicopter is stationed at St.
Augustine on the Lower
North Shore
at the service of the sick during winter months. Soon it is stationed
for this
purpose on the Lower North
Shore for the whole of the
year (click here / cliquez ici).
(Dionne, 1988)
First
General
Assembly of representatives of all the villages of the Lower
North Shore
and the setting up of the Economic Council of the Lower
North Shore.
Dr. Hodd first elected president of the Economic Council. (Dionne, 1988)
Anglican
St.
Andrew's Church consecrated at La Tabatiere. (Rev. C. Patterson;
Reisner, 1995)
1962
Trans-Canada
Highway officially opens. (Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
1963
Bill
43
constitutes the Municipality of the North
Shore of the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. Gaston Bergeron named first Administrator
of this
extensive municipality. (Dionne, 1988)
1963
Fall
sees the
beginning of the Winter Works Program, a government-sponsored program
that
would continue for four consecutive years and bring to the Lower
North Shore
a sum of more than four million dollars. This is the beginning of
make-work
initiatives for the Lower North
Shore. (Dionne, 1988)
1964
The
Economic
Council obtains from the Clark Steamship Company the services of a
faster
passenger-freight boat and a once a week trip from Rimouski gives
people of the
Lower North Shore access to fresh fruit, vegetables and milk..
Northern
Wings
Company begins a regular postal and passenger service in the summer
months.
(Dionne, 1988)
1965
Ground
fish
landings in Northwest Atlantic peak at 2.8
million tons.
(Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
Quebec
Telephone Company installs the first modern short-wave telephone
network
throughout the Lower North
Shore. (Dionne, 1988)
Second
Anglican St Paul's Church consecrated in St Paul's
River. (Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner, 1995)
1967
On
the Lower North
Shore,
Bill 41 grants universal access to higher schools of study.
Third
Anglican
St Augustine's Church consecrated in St Augustine.
(Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner, 1995)
1969
The
federal
government becomes officially bilingual. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1970
The
FLQ, a
militant separatist group in Quebec,
kidnaps British diplomat & murders Quebec
cabinet minister. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
The
first Lower
North Shore school board, Commission de Scholaire de Cote Nord, is
formed and
the Quebec Government makes it possible for North Shore students to
complete
their high school education off the Coast, signaling the official start
of
"out migration". (Dionne, 1988)
1970
Doctor
Donald
Gordon Hodd officially retires after forty-four years of service to the
Lower North
Shore.
(Among The Deep Sea
Fishers)
Anglican
St.
Peter's Church consecrated in Old Fort. (Rev. C. Patterson; Reisner,
1995)
The
Quebec
government takes over the Harrington
Hospital
and thus ends 65 years of medical care by the Grenfell Mission. (Among
The Deep Sea
Fishers)
1972
Anglican
St.
Michael's and All Angels Church consecrated in Chevery. (Rev. C.
Patterson;
Reisner, 1995)
Anglican
St.
Christopher's Church consecrated in Bradore. (Rev. C. Patterson;
Reisner, 1995)
1973
A
tragic
helicopter accident deprives the Lower
North Shore
of its first indigenous Doctor, Camille Marcoux, a native son of Whale
Head.
Click here / cliquez ici for more
details. (Dionne, 1988)
Fire
destroys
the Elizabeth United Church in Harrington Harbour. (Sextant, 1973)
1976
Canada
announces 200-nautical-mile coastal fishing zone. (Canadian World
Almanac,
1989)
Parti
Quebecois under Rene Levesque wins Quebec provincial election on
separatist
platform. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1978
Television
service begins on the Lower North Shore. (Dionne, 1988)
United
St.
Elizabeth Church built in Aylmer Sound. Click here / cliquez ici for a
picture.
(Anderson, 2005)
1978
Nomination
of
Richmond Monger, a son of the Lower North Shore, as administrator of
the
municipality. (Dionne, 1988)
1979
The
third
Anglican St Paul's Church consecrated in St Paul's River. (Rev. C.
Patterson;
Reisner, 1995)
1980
The
majority
of Quebecers reject separation from Canada in a referendum vote.
(Canadian
World Almanac, 1989)
1981
Quebec
bans
public signs in English. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
1982
New
Canadian
Constitution is ratified by every province except Quebec. (Canadian
World
Almanac, 1989)
1984
Brian
Mulroney, a bilingual lawyer from Quebec, leads Conservatives to
biggest
landslide in Canadian History. (Canadian World Almanac, 1989)
References
Used
The timeline was
adapted from a
WebSite by Trenton, Ontario. It’s introduction indicated that it was
adapted
from Atlantic Canadian history class assignments by Mount Allison
University
between 1991 and 1993, and from "Notable dates in Canadian History",
The Canadian World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1989 Toronto (Toronto:
Global
Press, 1988), pp. 21-27.
Abbott, Louise, Kent
Benson,
Visions of the Lower North Shore, CD-ROM - An Annotated Inventory of
Archival
Stills and Motion-Picture Footage, 1996
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Date Entered on Web Site: 12 May 2002
Updated: 28 May 2002, 07 July 2002, 28 September 2002, 01 October 2002,
19
October 2002, 14 December 2002, 19 Feb 2003, 26 December 2004, 27
December
2004, 13 March 2005
