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SweGGate StarGuide ®
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This page is only for words connected to
the "bruk" culture (iron production and manufacturing)
SweGGate General dictionary is here.
Use Ctrl-F in your browser to search for words but try different
spellings
Please note that the letters å, ä and ö are sorted after z in
the alphabet
| Word | T | Explanation |
| The industries | ||
| bruk | A | Industrial plant in general, most commonly in the iron
industry =järnbruk. Can there be a
foundry, iron manufacturing, large smithy or commonly combinations. The
word often refers to the entire area including not only the production
plant but also the residence buildings, the shop (brukshandel) and
the surrounding farms belonging to the company where much of the food for
the workers was produced. A bruk was a small, almost self-sustaining community. |
| brukskultur | A | the culture connected to the bruk |
| hytta | A | (n) Foundry, iron smelting plant. Has at least one masugn and usually also krossverk and rostugn. |
| manufakturverk | A | (n) manufacturing plant using iron and/or steel as raw material. Product examples are, nails, horseshoes, ploughs, spades, skillets etc. |
| styckebruk | A | (n) Gun (= cannon) factory / foundry. From old word stycke = cannon. Famous one: Åkers Styckebruk. cf Styckjunkare |
|
specific plants |
||
| rostugn | A | (n) Oven for roasting ore in preparation for crushing. The procedure reduces the content of water, carbon dioxide, sulphur etc. |
| krossverk | A | (n) Plant for crushing ore into smaller chunks to prepare for smelting. |
| masugn | A | (n) Blast-furnace where iron ore, charcoal and chalk is filled from the top, smelted inside and the smelted iron flows out at the bottom into large rectangular casts producing tackjärn. |
| härd | A | (n) Any oven where ore, intermediate products or iron / steel is smelted for refining purposes. |
| räckhärd | O | The oven where iron was heated before being worked by a räckhammare. |
| hammarsmedja | O | (n) Smithy using heavy hammer(s). |
| spiksmedja | O | (n) Smithy producing nails. |
| knippmedja | O | (n) Smithy producing knippjärn. |
|
houses |
||
| labbi, smekuja | A | (n) Small house or room where the smiths had their meals and rested. Smiths usually stayed at the workplace all week. |
| smegårn, smedgården | A | (n) Common name for the house on a bruk were the smiths lived. This was their home as opposed to the labbi. |
| Machines & tools | ||
| hammare | A | (n) hammer, the tool, both a handheld one and the industrial size. |
| spikhammare | O | (n) Hammer for manufacturing nails. (then you use a common hammare (hammer) to drive them in). |
| knipphammare | O | Small (relatively speaking), fast stjärthammare for producing knippjärn. Term also used for a plant mainly using this machinery. |
| smälthammare | O | Very large hammer used in the 2nd step in the lancashire method. |
| mumblingshammare | O | = modernized version of a smälthammare. |
| stångjärnshammare | O | General term for a mechanical hammer for production of stångjärn (iron bars). |
| räckhammare | O | General term for a mechanical hammer used for production of stångjärn. räckning = production method for stångjärn. |
| stjärthammare | O | = svanshammare |
| svanshammare | O | = a type of fallhammare where the shaft is fixed and the tail end is depressed to lift the head |
| fallhammare | A | heavy industrial hammer using the force of its weight when falling down. It is lifted up mechanically in any of several mechanical ways - lifting the head OR depressing the tail end (fallhammare) |
| städ | A | (n) Anvil |
| stamp(verk) | O | (n) stamping (pounding) mill / machinery. For cloth = fullery. |
| stamp | O | 1 (n) stamp or pound (used
for stamping / pounding material. 2 (n) die, e.g. when stamping coins. |
| förskinn | A | Apron made of hide, often used by smiths |
| Procedures | ||
| rostning | A | (n) roasting, i.e. heating the ore to be able to crush it. (v) rosta |
| bokning | A | (n) crushing the ore after rostning. |
| anrikning | A | (n) concentration = process to get rid of as much as possible of the rock that has low or no contents of iron. (v) anrika |
| färskning | A | A refining process used to reduce the
contents of unwanted substances that reduce the
malleability if the iron, mainly coal and silica. Two major
groups of methods: 1 välljärnsmetoder: lancashiresmide, vallonsmide, franche-comté and puddling (välla = (v) to heat iron until it turns white.) 2 götjärnsmetoder = smältfärskning: bessemer-, martin-, degel- and elekrostål-metod. |
| lancashiremetod, lancashiresmide |
A | Method for färskning (refining) of iron ore. Introduced from England before mid-1800. In step one the molten material was "stirred" manually in the oven using long iron bars = spett. In the second step the still red hot material was worked on by large hammers, smälthammare or mumblingshammare beating the slag out = hopslagning. After flattening the large "chunk" of iron it was cut up into smaller pieces for further manufacturing of stångjärn (iron bars) |
| vallonsmide | A | The older method for färskning (refining) of iron, introduced in Sweden by immigrant valloner (walloons) from 1640 on. |
| Franche-Comté-smide | A | Method for färskning (refining) of iron ore to produce malleable iron. Originally a French method. Introduced in Sweden in the 1850's |
| puddling | A | Method for färskning (refining) of iron ore. |
| bessemer-metod | A | Method for färskning (refining) of iron to produce steel. In a pear-shaped oven air is forced through the molten iron "blowing out" unwanted substances (oxidation). Used in Sweden 1858at Edskens bruk, Gästrikland until 1960's. |
| Martin-metod | A | Method for färskning (refining) of iron to produce steel. Invented in 1865 and used until 1981. It uses scrap iron for oxidation and is heated by oil or gas burners. |
| färsksmide | A | Type of method for färskning (refining) of iron ore to produce malleable iron. |
| räckning | A | production method for stångjärn. |
| Products | ||
| gjutjärn | A | (n) Cast iron (the material). gjuta (v) = cast, found. The primary product from iron ore. It has a high coal content (ca 4 %) making it brittle and cannot be forged. The molten iron was poured into casts - hence the name. |
| tackjärn | A | (n) Pig iron = iron blocks - the product from a masugn. It has a lower coal content and is used as raw material in the smithies |
| järntacka | A | (n) One piece of pig iron |
| osmundjärn | O | A piece of forgeable iron (low coal content) weighing 350 grams. Produced until the 17th century when it was replaced by the larger pieces stångjärn. In 1604 the export of osmundjärn was banned in favour of the more profitable stångjärn. |
| stångjärn | A | (n) Iron bar, usually about 3 metres long, weighing 30-40 kilos, used as raw material for smithies. The common form of raw iron material for smithies from the 17th century. |
| stångstål | A | (n) Steel bars (as raw material for smithies). |
| knipjärn, knippjärn | A | (n) Iron or steel bars, relatively thin, used as raw material, e.g. for tool manufacturing. They were shipped and sold in bundles (= knippe, plur: knippen) |
| rostfritt stål | A | stainless steel, steel with >= 12% chromium and <= 1.2 % carbon. May also contain small amounts of other metals improving quality such as nickel and molybdenium |
| spik | A | (n) Nail |
| The people | ||
| bokare | A | "crusher", person crushing the ore with a sledgehammer or operating a heavy (water-powered) hammer. cf (v) boka |
| stampare | O | Stamper, works in the stamp(verk). Title also used in cloth factories. |
| masmästare | A | Blast-furnace / Foundry master, approved by the guild. |
| gjutare | A | Founder, moulder. gjuta (v) = cast, found |
| gelbgjutare | O | Person who founds brass objects. |
|
In the smithy |
||
| smed | A | Smith, if unspecified usually a blacksmith (ironsmith). |
| lancashiresmed | A | Blacksmith using the Lancashire method for färskning |
| hammarsmed | A | Blacksmith working at a large hammer. |
| räcksmed | O | Smith working at a räckhammare. |
| knippsmed | A | Blacksmith producing knippjärn. Abbr of knippjärnsmed or knipphammarsmed. |
| klensmed | A | Smith working with smaller objects. |
| spiksmed | A | Nail smith. |
| guldsmed | A | Goldsmith |
| silversmed | A | Silversmith |
| kopparslagare | A | Copper smith (literally "copper beater") |
| släggare | A | Assistant to a smith. Uses a sledge-hammer (=slägga). |
|
Education levels |
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| smedmästare | A | Master (black)smith, tested and approved by the guild. |
| mästersven | A | Master smith's assistant. (sven = helper) |
| smeddräng | A | Smith's helper, lower in rank than the mästersven. |
| smedgesäll | A | Journeyman in the smith trade, tested and approved by the guild. |
| smedlärling | A | Apprentice to the (black)smith trade. |
| Miscellaneous | ||
| bergslag | O | (n) Originally an association of men, later companies
in the mining and iron industries in a given area. e.g.
Filipstads bergslag, Nora bergslag. The association needed a government
license which also set the production level and gave the right to mining. Later used as
geographical name for the area. berg = rock, lag = team |
| hamar, hammar | A | (n) (from old Nordic lang.) precipice, cliff. Used in many place names but here the industrial hammer could also be the original meaning. |
| hammarsmedsordning | O | (n) Gov't regulations regarding education, qualifications, wages for hammarsmeder. Implemented in 1637, abolished in 1859. |
| hammarskatt | O | Gov't tax on iron production at a hammarsmedja. From 1695 the tax was 1% of the product value, in 1803-46 2%, then again 1% |
| centner | O | Old weight measure = 100 skålpund = 42.5 kg. |
| skeppund | O | When used about stångjärn
(iron bars) the
absolute weight was different in different places: 1 at production = bergsvikt = 149.6 kg 2 at city sale = uppstadssvikt = 142.8 kg 3 at export = stapelstadssvikt = 136 kg see also general def. |
| stig | O | [plur stigar] an old measure for charcoal. Also kohlstig.
(kohl = coal). Originally = 24 tunnor (barrels) - usually
called storstig (= large stig) but later only = 12 tunnor. There were special horse-drawn carts built to the measure of one stig or one storstig. |
| storstig | O | see stig. |
| läst | O | related to last = cargo, a cart-full. Used for a specific volume of charcoal = a fully loaded standard cart = one storstig |
note i brackets like this [p:staat] is
pronunciation for English speakers.
In the "T' = Time column: O = Old times, M = Moderns
language, A = All times
Explanation by F Haeffner unless otherwise stated. Mail me 
your contribution or request.
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| Last updated by | F Hae | 2005-10-27 02:47 | © Fredrik Haeffner, 2001-4 |